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Difference Between Component Testing vs Unit Testing

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Unit Testing is the technique in software testing individual applications, modules that indicate the execution of the programme according to the specification. Unit Testing is a form of white box software testing in which individual software units are tested to determine whether or not they are eligible for use. These software unit includes a group of computer programme usage procedures, modules, as well as operating procedures. Error Detection is easy in unit testing as it is done after each development step. For the modules being evaluated, a driver function is responsible for creating method calls. The component which uses a strategy is imitated as the stub. The original substitute for the misplaced approaches is these stubs.

Head to Head Comparison Between Component Testing vs Unit Testing (Infographics)

Key Difference Between Component Testing vs Unit Testing

The main difference between component testing and unit testing is that the component testing is performed by testers on the other hand the Unit testing is executed by SDET professionals or developers. Component testing is performed at the application level whereas unit testing is done at a granular level.

It is examined in unit testing whether the piece of code or individual program is executed as defined. In component testing, each software object is independently evaluated with or without separation from other device objects or components.

In component testing, testing is done by validating use cases and test requirements whereas Unit testing is tested against design documents.

Component testing is a type of black box testing while unit testing is a type of white box testing.

Component testing is performed once the unit testing is performed while before the component testing. In component testing, tester does not have knowledge about the internal architecture of the software. On the other hand, while doing unit testing, developers know the internal architecture of the software.

Error detection is a bit difficult in component testing as compared to unit testing and it is performed only after the whole software is developed. Whereas unit testing is done after each development step. Hence component testing is important for finding the errors and bugs. In order to make sure that each component of an application works efficiently, it is recommended to conduct the component test before proceeding with the unit testing.

Component Testing vs Unit Testing Comparison Table

Let’s discuss the top comparison between Component Testing vs Unit Testing:

Sr. No Component Testing Unit Testing

1 In this testing, each object or component of the software is tested separately. In this type of testing, individual modules or programs for program execution.

2 It validates use cases and test requirements. It is tested against design documents.

3 It is performed once the unit testing is performed. It is performed before the component testing.

4 In component testing, tester do not have knowledge about the internal architecture of the software. In Unit testing, developers knows the internal architecture of the software.

5 Error detection is bit difficult as compared to unit testing. Error detection is easy in unit testing.

6 Component testing is performed only after the whole software is developed. Unit testing is done after each development step.

7 It is done at application level. Unit testing is done at a granular level.

8 It is a type of black box testing. It is a type of white box testing.

Conclusion

In this article we have seen key differences between Component Testing and Unit Testing. Component testing is just much like unit testing, but it is conducted at a higher level of the context of the application and integration. If the Component testing is done correctly then there are fewer bugs in the next stage hence it is conducted before unit testing which tests the programs.

How To Do Compatibility Testing?

Introduction to Compatibility Testing

Compatibility Testing is a step in the software application testing process that is used to test the non-functional features and the regulatory behaviour of the application with other systems connected to the application. This testing is performed under different circumstances and different hardware support for the application to run, such as the operating systems, supporting applications or platform, various browsers, diverse environments, assorted devices, versions testing, etc. It is performed in two patterns, namely Forward compatibility Testing and Backward compatibility Testing.

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What is Compatibility Testing?

It is a non-functional software testing that checks whether the software you have developed is working in different networks, hardware, applications, operating systems, etc. To avoid bugs, software products usually undergo different manual or automated testing stages before the final release.

It can be performed either manually or by using automated tools. In order to undergo effective compatibility testing without bug leakage, perfect scenarios like different versions, resolutions, configurations, internet speed versions have to be maintained.

Following are the different categories:

Software Testing

Testing of softwares compatibility with different software.

Below are the five categories of Software Compatibility Testing:

Mobile Testing: Testing is done on different mobile devices such as Windows, iOS, Android to check whether the application developed is compatible with them.

Devices Testing: Softwares or applications will be tested in different devices such as scanners, bluetooth, USB, printers, etc., for checking the compatibility.

Browser Testing: To check the compatibility, Softwares or Applications developed will be tested in different browsers such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Yahoo, Bing, Firefox, etc.

Software Version Testing: Application or software are checked with a different version.

Networks Testing: Testing is done in different networks such as Wifi, 5G, 4G to check whether the application or software developed is compatible with them.

Hardware Testing

To check the compatibility, Softwares or Applications developed will be tested in different hardware configurations also.

Operating Systems

Softwares or applications will be tested in different operating systems such as Linux, Windows, MacOS, etc., for checking the compatibility.

Types of Compatibility Testing

Mainly, there are two types.

They are as follows:

Forward Compatibility Testing

Backward Compatibility Testing

1. Forward Compatibility Testing 2. Backward Compatibility Testing

In this testing, the developed software or application is tested to check whether it is compatible with older versions and platforms. This testing is also known as downward compatible. Since all the dynamics of older versions are known to the testers, this testing is more predictable than forwarding Compatible Testing.

Ensure the developed software is working on all conditions.

Ensure all the business requirements for the product are met.

Quality improved.

Significant user experience can increase the growth of an organization.

Detection of errors before the final release.

Avoid customer complaints in the future.

Enhancement of development process.

Reveals stability apart from scalability, usability, and compatibility.

How to do Compatibility Testing?

As already mentioned, it can be done manually or by using automated tools. The process of this involves four steps. Before moving to the process, make sure that the platforms and environments for testing are already identified.

Designing of the Test Cases & Configuration by the team Set up of Test Cases & Environment

After the first step, i.e. designing of required test cases, testers set up the environment where the software’s compatibility will be tested and confirmed.

Result Generation and Analysis Rectification & Retesting

Once the report is submitted, the responsible authority will check it, and the team fix the defects and resolves them. After this, the software will be again retested until no bugs or issues are present. This will enhance the quality of the product.

Some of the common bugs the team encounters in this are:

Modifications or variations in the look or feel of the user interface (UI).

Broken frames or tables.

Alignment issues.

Variations in the size of the font.

Issues related to scroll bar.

Overlapping of contents or labels.

Change in color and style of CSS.

To perform it, certain tools are available in the market.

They are:

Always make sure that Compatible Testing is only done when the software or application is stable.

Conclusion

It is non-functional testing where the software or application compatibility is checked with different platforms, environments, operating systems, versions, mobile devices, etc. It can be done using manual or automated tools depend on the requirement. Types, categories, and processes are addressed in the above sections.

Issue Management In Your Testing Project

What is Issue Management?

Issue Management is the process to make others aware of the problem and then resolve it as fast as possible

To understand this, take the following exercise –

There are some typical issues in the project

Strategy

The Project is out of budget

Lack of visible management support for the project

Project communication has been ineffective

Project management process does not follow the standard

Definition

Wrong project target

Project Scope not defined correctly

Unclear project requirements

Human Resources

Project team lacks skills to complete the project

Project team is too large or too small & hence difficult to manage

Project team is poorly organized. They do not want to work as a Team

Lack of skilled members due to leave taking or resignations.

Schedules

Project schedule is too tight. You do not have enough manpower to meet deadlines.

The project needs some inputs such as test material, software tool etc. … but there is delay in delivery.

Why do Issues happen?

Here are few common mistakes which cause the issues

Matching resources to the wrong projects

Guru99 Bank is complex and big project. You need many personnel with testing skills. But you selected resources with development skills. What will be the issue?

The following issues may happen

A lot of time will be wasted as the developers are not trained testers & will need to learn testing. Deadline may be missed.

The Quality of Testing may suffer.

The matching up of resources to projects is the most important factor in project management and is viewed as a critical stage for project success. Matching resources to the project should ensure the resources skills are able to reach the project’s expectation.

Project Manager’s lack of management skills

You are assigned as Test Manager of Guru99 Bank project. It is good news, but you have never managed a project before. You do not have any experience in managing a project, it can cause major issue.

Controlling a project is hard and it is even harder if the project manager does not have any experience to manage the project well. Experience in running project status meetings, managing risk and dealing with the project stakeholders is very important for the successful development and execution of a project.

Project schedule

Too tight or loose schedule is one of the reasons that make the project progress delay or overrun. This situation can arise if the project manager sets unrealistic time schedules against project tasks.

Underestimating

Know who are and what you can do. The big mistake the Test Manager makes is that he thinks it is easy to complete any project. You need to be realistic in your thinking and ensure you are not underestimating your needs from the get go.

Ignoring the small problems

Some small problem at present can become worse in the future. See the following example:

Not following the process

Test Management is big process which Manager need to follow strictly. Not following process means you break the rule.

Having a process in place will give you structure and organization and decrease the chances of projects running into risk

Not Listening to others

You are Test Manager of the project; you have the highest position in the project Team. But you cannot do anything alone; you need your project Team.

Issue Management Approach

Let’s start the topic with following scenario

In the project Guru99 Bank, in order to make the Test Plan, you have to analyze and make clear the customer requirement. Here is a scenario

In this case, one issue happened. It came from the customer. In five days, he changed the requirement for 3 times. Fickle clients can be a huge hassle because he does not know what his wants are, until a certain stage is completed.

This topic will show you step-by-steps guideline to solve the issue.

Record

At some point during the project, the risks, which you identified in the planning steps, will become true and you have an issue. You have to record any event or problem which has happened and threatens the success of your project

In many project, the issues are likely to arise at the beginning of the project. So, it is a smart idea to detect and discuss issues during project initiation.

When an issue is identified, you should do following action:

Record the project issues

One of the best tools to record the project issues is issue log. The issue log will help you to focus on finding a solution to a problem.

You can create the issue log by yourself or use the issue log template in this article as the reference.

Set the priority level

Do not forget the issue priority, you always assign a priority level to an issue. There are three issue priorities commonly used

What priority will you set for the issue which mentioned in above topics?

Incorrect

Correct It’s Critical issue and need to resolve immediately

Assign the owner to the issues

Assign project issue to the person best suited to deal with it. That person is someone in or outside the project team. However, if you do assign it someone outside the team makes sure they know what they are getting into!

For our above issue of Customer changing requirement, you can choose a person who has best communication skill to solve the issue. He will work as a bridge engineer to negotiate with customer, request them to fix the requirement, in order to proceed the project.

Track the issues status

After assigning the owner to the issue, you have to check the issue log and update the issue status regularly. The following figures represent the type of risk

Report

Document the significant project issues in your regular progress (highlight) reports and escalate high priority issues to the project board—communication is key.

Expert project managers rely heavily on a project issue status report, especially if a project is large and has many stakeholders.

To help you create your own report, you can use or utilize the Project Issue Template Report in this article.

Control Project Issues

The Project Manager is responsible for the control of project issues and should carefully consider the following activities

Acknowledge the people who could have an impact on resolving the issue.

Stop all activities around the issues and prior to resolving the issue first. You are the project manager and in control of the situation, do not rush the project unless you resolve issues.

Now think hard on following questions for each issue in the log

Create a list of possible actions or options that could offer the breakthrough you are seeking. Then narrow down your list and select those options most likely to resolve the issue.

Incorrect

Correct

In above interactive element, you can use any action to solve the issue such as A, B or C. But in some cases, use only one option may not enough to solve the issue completely. The best way is combine all the options.

For example, if you select option A “Hold the meeting with customer to make clear and baseline the requirement as soon as possible”. What will you do if you and your customer can not make the final requirement after such the meeting? You need to get more support from higher level to negotiate with customer (Option B). If customers are not professional, they even don’t know exactly their requirement. In such case, you should propose new ideas to customer about the product requirement.

Nexus 6P Camera Testing: Our First Real

Nexus 6P camera testing: our first real-world results

This week we’re reviewing the Huawei-made Google Nexus 6P, starting with its camera – today you’re going to see our first results. This part of the test is extremely simple – it’s mostly to gauge how well the device can capture everyday objects out in the wild. This presentation comes before our comparisons with other smartphones and before our comparisons with a DSLR camera. This walk takes what might be Google’s most powerful smartphone camera on a walk outside and through a set of low-light shots indoors, as well.

The Nexus 6P works with a 12.3-megapixel camera with the ability to capture 1.55um pixel images. You’ll have an f/2.0 aperture around the back as well with an IR laser-assisted autofocus system for quick capture. Directly to the side of the back-facing camera is a broad-spectrum CRI-90 dual-led flash.

See also: 5 Nexus 6P features Google didn’t tell you about

The entire enclosure on the back is covered with Corning’s Gorilla Glass 4. Generally we only see this level of protection on a smartphone on the front of a device for its touchscreen. Clearly Google and Huawei have seen the light, now protecting the device’s back-facing camera array with the same high-end material.

The back-facing camera is able to capture up to 4K-sized video at 30-frames per second as well as slightly smaller video at 120 and 240-frames per second. We’ll be testing the video capabilities of this device in a separate article.

The first image you’re seeing here is outdoors, photographed upward, toward the clouds, with the sun blocked by a tree. This is the first example of a place where a lesser camera would blow out the tree. You can see an ever-so-slight glimmer of a lens flare near the center on the left, but it’s tiny.

The leaves photo below is in just about as ideal a set of lighting conditions as possible. The leaves up front are in focus, the rest isn’t, and the colors are fantastic throughout.

These batteries are photographed in pure sunlight (no artificial light) from behind. It’s extremely bright. Devices from past – even mid-tier smartphone cameras from a year ago – wouldn’t have been able to capture this image. Not without the batteries being blasted and bathed in light around the edges.

Next you’ll see a photo taken with Google’s Lens Blur effect. The subject needs to be in a space where it can be readily identified VS the background, which will be blurred in a notable manner. Here you’ll see the berries up front, and the yard out back.

The photo below was captured while walking at a brisk pace, outdoors, mid-day, with the sun shining brightly on a partly-cloudy day. As with every photo we’ve taken so far, the shutter went off instantly, and a sharp image was captured.

Next is a cropped version of the photo above – cut from the original 4032 × 3024 pixel photo. Remember here that we were NOT being careful to focus on any one point in this image.

The next five photos in a tiny gallery were captured under the same conditions as the grass photo above. Each car is passing at approximately 20 miles per hour on this residential city street.

The TIE-fighter you’re seeing here was photographed in a dark hallway. Looking through the smartphone’s live preview, I fully expected this image to turn out to be a big black blob. As it turns out – and as many dark environment photos turn out with the Nexus 6P – the results were pretty great.

In the slightly deeper dark – with only one light source far off in the distance – you’ll see the next low-light photo coming out just a tiny bit more murky.

The final photo in this set was captured bathed in dim, yellowy, crappy lamp light. Most smartphone cameras would have captured a photo that was far more mustardy. The Nexus 6P takes into account that the user dislikes the trashiness of yellow light as much as the next person, and gives the yellow light a kick in the pants.

What’s left is a photo that – surprisingly – only shows this stormtrooper/sandtrooper helmet in the ever-so-slightly warm color it’s supposed to be.

See our Nexus 6P tag portal this whole week for more hands-on action

Again, this is just one of several review components we’ll be publishing this week. If you have any suggestions for tests you’d like us to run or photos or videos you’d like us to capture, by all means, let us know.

Stick around for more Nexus 6P and Nexus 5X up-close and personal for days and days!

This device will be available from Google online immediately if not soon for starting at $499 USD in Aluminum (that’s what we’re using here), Graphite, or Frost, in 32, 64, and 128GB internal storage size iterations.

This device was manufactured by Huawei and is available through the Google Store online, compatible with a wide range of carriers including Google’s Project Fi.

Faster Testing Could Mean More Certified Wi

This won’t be news to members of the Wi-Fi Alliance, but the rest of the world should take notice: a new test suite from Azimuth Systems of Acton, Massachusetts, promises to cut the time it takes to test Wi-Fi products by two-thirds. A move that could mean more certified products on shelves next year.

“We think this is an important event for the industry,” says Jeff Abramowitz, vice president of marketing for Azimuth. “This will enable more efficient testing for members of the Alliance, for products that are traditionally more difficult to test.”

He’s talking about the non-PC devices here; the “application specific devices” (ASDs), sometimes called “headless” products, that sometimes have no screen or user interface to speak of. That can mean anything from phones to gaming consoles to consumer electronics to media players to cameras — items that may not have expansion slots, but will have room to run an embedded, lightweight application for testing.

The AzCert Wi-Fi Certification Test Suite will be used at all of the Alliance’s Authorized Test Laboratories (ATLs) around the world. The methodology it uses was developed by a task group within the Alliance formed back in 2004. “The goal was to establish a certification methodology for these devices — but it turns out the methodology can be used for other more traditional devices, as well,” says Abramowitz. Thus, forget just the ASDs — the test will be used across the board on all Wi-Fi products.

The Alliance is providing all its members with the free code to make Device Under Test (DUT) Software that generates Wi-Fi traffic that can be used in a test. Vendors have to port it to their products to go through the test (unless some chip vendors or others do the port for them, as this test will also be used on reference designs from the chip makers). The code may or may not be present on the product when it finally ships to end-users, as its only purpose it to create traffic measured by the AzCert test’s ADEPT-WFA Capture Engine sniffer. Once it sense the auto-generated traffic, a management tool is activated to run the complete Wi-Fi certification test using the existing Alliance test-bed of products.

Azimuth is already working with Taproot Systems to create a reference design with the DUT software that can run on Wi-Fi enabled smartphones. The company already makes WLAN software for mobile phone operating systems like Symbian OS 9.x.

The time to test a single device depends on the number of things a product will be certified for by the Alliance, but for the basics (a single band radio with WPA2 security), Abramowitz says testing takes four to five hours.

Karen Hanley, senior marketing director for the Wi-Fi Alliance, says the efficiencies of the new test really are there from the start. “Previously, if a test was customized [for an ASD] it took more man hours just to get ready.” Abramowitz adds that the prep time in such a case could be weeks, not days or hours, depending on the product.

The AzCert test Capture Engine runs on the ADEPT-WFA product from Azimuth. All the Alliance ATLs started using for testing earlier this year. Azimuth will also sell vendors tools to help them ensure a passing test at home before submitting to the Alliance labs. While the DUT Validation Tool software will test to make sure the product runs as it should for the specification, Azimuth’s Director software upgrade will automate the process of testing multiple products. And of course, it will work with the Azimuth W-Series chassis, the boxes that act as a mini clean room to mitigate any Wi-Fi interference.

No products have been certified by the ATLs yet (the labs are still training with the software), but Azimuth expects the first to be announced soon. And just how many more certifications can we expect with this new system? Abramowitz didn’t have specific numbers, just expectations, saying the increase “could be fairly dramatic, as the faster turn around is expected.” And that should bring the cost to members down, as well, he added, as testing costs are shared between the ATLs and the vendors submitting products.

This article was first published on chúng tôi

What Is System Testing? (Definition, Types, Examples)

In software testing, what is system testing?

System testing entails testing the whole system. All of the modules/components are linked together to see whether the system performs as planned. After Integration Testing, System Testing is carried out. This is crucial for producing high-quality output.

Example of System Testing

An automobile is not built as a whole by a car manufacturer. Each component of the automobile, such as the seats, steering, mirror, brake, cable, engine, car structure, and wheels, is made independently.

After each item is manufactured, it is tested separately to see whether it functions as intended. This is known as unit testing.

Now, when each element is integrated with another part, the completed combination is tested to see whether the assembly has had any side effects on the functioning of each component and if both components are operating together as intended, which is referred to as integration testing.

When all of the pieces are put together and the automobile seems to be ready, it is not.

The entire car must be checked for various aspects as defined by the requirements, such as whether the car can be driven smoothly, if the breaks, gears, and other functionality are working properly, if the car does not show any signs of fatigue after being driven for 2500 miles continuously, if the color of the car is widely accepted and liked, and if the car can be driven on any type of road, including smooth and rough, sloppy and straight, and so on. This entire testing effort is known as System Testing, and

The example performed as anticipated, and the customer was satisfied with the amount of effort necessary for the system test.

System Testing – Approach

It is carried out after the Integration Testing has been finished.

It is mostly a sort of Black-box testing. With the use of a specification document, this testing assesses the system’s functionality from the perspective of the user. It does not need any internal system expertise, such as code design or structure.

It includes both functional and non-functional application/product domains.

What is the Purpose of System Testing?

Completing a full test cycle is critical, and ST is the stage when this is accomplished.

System Testing is carried out in a comparable setting to that of production, allowing stakeholders to obtain a solid picture of the user’s response.

It reduces the number of troubleshooting and support calls made following a deployment.

At this level of the STLC, both the Application Architecture and the Business Requirements are tested.

System testing is critical and plays a key part in providing a high-quality product to the consumer.

How Do You Run a System Test?

It’s essentially a subset of software testing, and the Test Plan should always include room for it.

To test the system as a whole, requirements and expectations must be clear, and the tester must also understand how the program is used in real-timereal time.

In addition, the system’s functionality, performance, security, recoverability, and installability are all affected by the most commonly used third-party tools, OS versions, flavors, and architecture.

As a result, having a clear image of how the program will be utilized and what kinds of challenges it may encounter in real-time may be beneficial for testing the system. Furthermore, a requirements document is just as crucial as comprehending the program.

A clear and up-to-date requirements document may prevent a slew of misconceptions, assumptions, and queries for testers.

In summary, a clear and concise requirement document with the most recent revisions, as well as an awareness of real-time application use, may help ST be more productive. This testing is done in a methodical and organized way.

System Testing Types

ST is known as a superset of all sorts of testing since it covers all of the primary types of testing. Although the emphasis on different forms of testing varies according to the product, the organization’s procedures, the timetable, and the needs.

Overall, it may be summarized as follows −

Functionality Testing − To ensure that the product’s functionality meets the established criteria while remaining within the system’s capabilities.

Recoverability Testing − This ensures that the system can recover from a variety of input mistakes and other failure scenarios.

Interoperability Testing − To determine whether or not the system is compatible with third-party goods.

Performance Testing − Verifying the system’s performance in terms of performance characteristics under different conditions.

Scalability Testing − To ensure that the system can scale in terms such as user scaling, geographic scaling, and resource scaling.

Reliability Testing − To ensure that the system can be used for a longer period of time without failing.

Regression Testing − To ensure the system’s stability as it integrates various subsystems and performs maintenance chores.

Testing of the system’s user guide and other help-related documents to ensure that they are valid and useful.

To ensure that the system does not enable unauthorized access to data and resources, security testing is performed.

Usability testing is performed to ensure that the system is simple to use, understand, and run.

More Types of System Testing

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Testing − GUI testing is used to see whether a system’s graphical user interface (GUI) performs as planned. The graphical user interface (GUI) is what a user sees when using a program. Buttons, icons, checkboxes, List boxes, Textboxes, menus, toolbars, dialog boxes, and other GUI elements are all tested.

Testing for Compatibility − Compatibility testing ensures that the generated product is compatible with a variety of browsers, hardware platforms, operating systems, and databases, as specified in the requirements specification.

Handling Exceptions − Handling Exceptions Testing is done to ensure that even if the product encounters an unexpected fault, it displays the relevant error message and does not cause the program to halt. The exception is handled in such a manner that the error is shown while the product recovers and the system is able to complete the wrong transaction.

Testing by Volume − Volume testing is a sort of non-functional testing in which a large volume of data is used to test. To test the system’s performance, for example, the database’s data volume is raised.

Stress Evaluation − Stress testing involves raising the number of users on an application (at the same time) until the program fails. This is done to see whether the application will fail at any point.

Sanity Checks − When a build is published with a change in the code or functionality, or if a problem has been repaired, sanity testing is conducted. It ensures that the modifications made did not impact the code and that no new issues have arisen as a result, and that the system continues to function normally. If a problem arises, the build will not be approved for further testing. In order to save time and money, rigorous testing is not performed on the build, which results in the build being rejected due to a problem discovered. Sanity testing is done for the specific modification or problem that has been resolved, not for the whole system.

Smoke Testing − Smoke Testing is a kind of testing that is done on a build to see whether it can be further tested or not. It ensures that the build is ready to test and that all-importanttime real features are operational. Smoke testing is carried out for the whole system, from start to finish.

Exploratory Testing − Exploratory testing is all about investigating the application, as the name implies. Exploratory testing does not include any scripted testing. Along with the testing, test cases are written. It emphasizes implementation over preparation. The tester is free to test independently, relying on his intuition, experience, and intelligence. In contrast to other strategies that employ the structural method to execute testing, a tester may select any feature to test first, i.e. he can choose the feature to test at random.

Adhoc Testing − Adhoc testing is unplanned testing that takes place without any documentation or preparation. The application is tested without any test cases by the tester. A tester’s goal is to break the application. To uncover the main faults in the program, the tester relies on his expertise, guesswork, and intuition.

Checking the installation − The purpose of installation testing is to ensure that the program is installed correctly. The installation of the program is the user’s first engagement with the product, hence it’s the most crucial phase of testing. The sort of installation testing required is determined by a number of elements, including the operating system, platform, software distribution, and so on.

Conclusion

System testing is crucial because if done incorrectly, serious concerns might arise in the real world.

The properties of a system as a whole must be confirmed. Any webpage would be a basic example. If it isn’t well tested, the user may find the site to be very sluggish, or the site may crash if a big number of people log in at the same time.

These features cannot be checked until the whole website has been examined.

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