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This won’t be news to members of the Wi-Fi Alliance, but the rest of the world should take notice: a new test suite from Azimuth Systems of Acton, Massachusetts, promises to cut the time it takes to test Wi-Fi products by two-thirds. A move that could mean more certified products on shelves next year.
“We think this is an important event for the industry,” says Jeff Abramowitz, vice president of marketing for Azimuth. “This will enable more efficient testing for members of the Alliance, for products that are traditionally more difficult to test.”
He’s talking about the non-PC devices here; the “application specific devices” (ASDs), sometimes called “headless” products, that sometimes have no screen or user interface to speak of. That can mean anything from phones to gaming consoles to consumer electronics to media players to cameras — items that may not have expansion slots, but will have room to run an embedded, lightweight application for testing.
The AzCert Wi-Fi Certification Test Suite will be used at all of the Alliance’s Authorized Test Laboratories (ATLs) around the world. The methodology it uses was developed by a task group within the Alliance formed back in 2004. “The goal was to establish a certification methodology for these devices — but it turns out the methodology can be used for other more traditional devices, as well,” says Abramowitz. Thus, forget just the ASDs — the test will be used across the board on all Wi-Fi products.
The Alliance is providing all its members with the free code to make Device Under Test (DUT) Software that generates Wi-Fi traffic that can be used in a test. Vendors have to port it to their products to go through the test (unless some chip vendors or others do the port for them, as this test will also be used on reference designs from the chip makers). The code may or may not be present on the product when it finally ships to end-users, as its only purpose it to create traffic measured by the AzCert test’s ADEPT-WFA Capture Engine sniffer. Once it sense the auto-generated traffic, a management tool is activated to run the complete Wi-Fi certification test using the existing Alliance test-bed of products.
Azimuth is already working with Taproot Systems to create a reference design with the DUT software that can run on Wi-Fi enabled smartphones. The company already makes WLAN software for mobile phone operating systems like Symbian OS 9.x.
The time to test a single device depends on the number of things a product will be certified for by the Alliance, but for the basics (a single band radio with WPA2 security), Abramowitz says testing takes four to five hours.
Karen Hanley, senior marketing director for the Wi-Fi Alliance, says the efficiencies of the new test really are there from the start. “Previously, if a test was customized [for an ASD] it took more man hours just to get ready.” Abramowitz adds that the prep time in such a case could be weeks, not days or hours, depending on the product.
The AzCert test Capture Engine runs on the ADEPT-WFA product from Azimuth. All the Alliance ATLs started using for testing earlier this year. Azimuth will also sell vendors tools to help them ensure a passing test at home before submitting to the Alliance labs. While the DUT Validation Tool software will test to make sure the product runs as it should for the specification, Azimuth’s Director software upgrade will automate the process of testing multiple products. And of course, it will work with the Azimuth W-Series chassis, the boxes that act as a mini clean room to mitigate any Wi-Fi interference.
No products have been certified by the ATLs yet (the labs are still training with the software), but Azimuth expects the first to be announced soon. And just how many more certifications can we expect with this new system? Abramowitz didn’t have specific numbers, just expectations, saying the increase “could be fairly dramatic, as the faster turn around is expected.” And that should bring the cost to members down, as well, he added, as testing costs are shared between the ATLs and the vendors submitting products.
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Do More Cpu Cores Mean Better Performance?
CPU is said to be the brain of the computer. But now, in 2023, this statement is half true. It’s not only the brain of your computer but also the Mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell). Its power defines what kind of games you can play. But, what defines power? Do more CPU cores mean better performance? In this article, we are going to answer these questions and see some other interesting things.
What is a CPU?CPU or Central Processing Unit is a part of your system that makes it work. Whatever you are seeing on your screen is processed in the CPU. It’s the core of your computer, you can have the most expensive Keyboard, 4K Monitor, industry-leading Video Card, but, if you don’t have a CPU, your computer is nothing but an expensive showpiece. So, we can say that the CPU is probably the most important thing in your computer.
What is a CPU core?CPU is not just a brick that can do all the tasks, it’s made up of intricate components and one of them is a core. It will read and execute the instructions given to it via programs. So, technically, more cores mean that the instructions will be executed quickly and hence should offer better performance. And they do offer a significant jump in the performance. If a processor with one core wants to do multiple tasks, it has to finish the first one and then jump to the next. But if it has multiple cores, it can divide the task and complete the work quickly. So, we can say that “more CPU cores mean better performance”.
But the question is how many cores do one needs to play most of the modern games. In this article, we are going to talk about that in detail.
Let us talk about some of the most common cores that you can get.
Single-core processor
Dual-core processor
Quad-core processor
Hexa-core processor
Octa-core processor
Deca-core processor
Duodeca-core processor or above
Let us talk about each one of them.
Read: What are CPU cores? How many CPU cores do I need?
1] Single-core processorSingle-core processors are monumental, they marked the beginning of CPU cores, and even though, they are not able to perform complex tasks, they still are of the utmost importance. Having said that, you should not get a computer with a single-core processor, most probably, you won’t even get one in running condition.
2] Dual-core processorA dual-core processor comes with two cores. They can perform day-to-day tasks with ease and some of the most budget-friendly laptops come with these kinds of processors. Intel Core Duo and the AMD X2 are two of the most common examples of dual-core processors that you can still find in the market
You can do simple tasks such as browsing, creating PPT, and other things that would not put too much pressure on the computer.
3] Quad-core processorAs the name suggests, Quad-core processors have four cores and they are a step above the Dual-core and are good for most users. The 6th and 7th generation of Intel chips and their AMD equivalent more often than not have four cores.
Read: What is System on a Chip (SoC)?
4] Hexa-core processorHexa-core CPU is what most gaming laptops use. Although, you won’t find them in high-end gaming laptops, as they are usually used in mid-range computers. If you are a gamer or a content creating and want something to edit video and photos on, then this is a nice option.
5] Octa-core processorOcta-core processors are probably the most you need if you are not a computer programmer or an engineer. These are perfect for competitive gaming as you can run all the computer games with their highest graphics settings. However, they are not a bad choice for engineers as well. They can do the job for you.
6] Deca-core processorDeca-core processors have 10 cores are a bit of an overkill for most users. But if you are someone who likes playing 3-D or 4K games or is an architect or a computer programmer, then you should get these.
7] Duodeca-core processor or aboveLast but definitely not least, we have Duedeca-core processors or processors with 12 cores, you can also get processors with more cores. They are very rare and not most will buy them. Some of the examples are AMD Ryzen 9 5900X that comes with 12 cores and Intel Core I9-9980XE Extreme Edition comes with 16 cores. They are very expensive and you should calculate whether you need this or not before buying one.
Related: Why does CPU usage spike to 100% when launching Task Manager?
More CPU cores mean better performanceYes, we can say that more CPU cores do mean better performance, but how much? In this section, we are going to answer this question.
Some users want to go above and beyond, and get the 12 and sometimes, even 64 cores. This may sound overkill to you, but this is useful for programmers as they require graphics rendering and other capabilities that more cores unlock.
Does increasing cores improve performance?Most of the computers, be it desktop or laptop, support just one kind of processor. If that’s your case, then you won’t be able to upgrade.
But if you are buying a new computer, then do check the description of different CPUs based on cores (aforementioned) to make a wise decision.
Are 4 cores enough for gaming in today’s times?Yes, if you are a gamer then Quad-core is more than enough for you. You can run some light games on the highest possible setting and some heavy games at their lowest possible setting to get good gameplay. However, this doesn’t mean that every single game that you are trying to play will run perfectly.
There are some demanding titles that need at least 6 cores to run. So, before buying or downloading a game, it’s good to read its system requirement. Then you can check your computer’s configuration by the “dxdiag” command that you can execute from Run. And if there is a big disparity between the requirement and configuration, you should probably not download the game. If your system is barely meeting the requirement, then try turning the Graphics setting to the lowest and closing all the background apps before opening the game.
Hopefully, this guide is enough for you to make a good buying decision.
If you are a gamer or want a good performance, then you following are some of the guides that you must see.
More Sophisticated Apple/Google Contact Tracing Api May Mean More Alerts
An update by Apple and Google to a more sophisticated version of their joint coronavirus contact tracing API should mean more accurate risk assessments by the apps which use it.
In the UK, however – and likely elsewhere – that may result in more people being told they are at risk and being asked to self-isolate …
Original contact tracing APIAt its core, the Apple/Google contact tracing API continually checks for Bluetooth signals from nearby devices.
Two main factors are used to assess the risk level of a contact. First, the strength of the Bluetooth signal. The stronger the signal, the closer the device is assumed to be. Second, the length of time the device is within close range. The greater the time, the greater the exposure risk. You are assumed to be at significant risk if you are within two meters of someone for at least 15 minutes.
The full details are much more complex than this, but that’s the essence of the approach.
However, because a variety of factors can impact the strength of Bluetooth signals – such as the difference between a phone in your hand and one buried in a bag – there is a fair degree of uncertainty involved in assessing the risk level. If you play too safe, then people will be asked to self-isolate too frequently, which will result in lower compliance.
To guard against this, contact tracing apps look for a relatively high threshold to be met before a contact is assessed as a risky one.
The more sophisticated versionIn the latest version of the API, a specific check is made for rapidly-fluctuating signal strength. If a contact appears to rapidly change distance – say from one meter to eight meters to five meters – then that is flagged as unreliable data. That can happen when signals bounce off walls inside a train car, for example.
In this case, the mode 2 version applies new algorithms to be applied to that fluctuating data to more accurately estimate the true likely distance. That means that there should be fewer false positives.
You can read more about this in a technical paper.
But that may result in more alertsA more sophisticated API means greater confidence in the accuracy of the risk assessments – which means that the threshold for registering a contact can be reduced without registering too many false positives.
An update to England and Wales’ contact-tracing app is set to serve more self-isolation alerts.
Gaby Appleton – who recently took over NHS Covid-19 – said this was being done to help tackle the spread of the coronavirus. The change coincides with a change to the app’s algorithm to make its contact-matches more reliable.
The Health Secretary previously voiced concern about people being told to stay at home because of false alerts. As a result, the app had required a higher risk score to be calculated before triggering a self-isolate command.
The new director of product for Test and Trace said her team was so confident in the improvements made to distance estimates that it had moved the level at which notifications were triggered even lower than first planned.
“The update to the risk threshold is expected to increase the number of people asked to self-isolate by the app, having been in close contact with someone who tested positive,” Gaby Appleton blogged. “We believe lowering the threshold is necessary to reduce the R rate and break the chain of transmission.”
It is likely that other countries and states will take the same approach. This means that your chances of being asked to self-isolate will be higher, but this is likely to be with good reason.
Europe has started making its apps inter-operable between countries, while the same is true of some US states.
Photo: Mika Baumeister on Unsplash
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Ai Could Make Mri Scans As Much As 10 Times Faster
Getting an MRI means being in a noisy, claustrophobia-inducing tube. For many, that’s no fun. For others—like children or the very unwell—it’s worse. So to make these diagnostic tools run even faster, researchers are exploring incorporating a new tactic: using artificial intelligence to take the raw data generated by the MRI machine and create readable images.
The reason MRI scans are slow, explains Daniel Sodickson, a professor in the department of radiology at NYU School of Medicine, is that they need to capture all the data necessary to generate a nice image for a radiologist to interpret. A knee scan can take around 15 to 20 minutes; a brain, 30 minutes; imaging a heart can last an hour. But what if you could run that machine faster and still get a usable image?
Using AI, “it may be possible to capture less data, and therefore image faster, while still preserving—or even enhancing—all the rich information content of the magnetic resonance images,” Sodickson says.
Here’s how they’d do it: They’d run the MRI scan faster, gathering less raw data in the process. But instead of interpreting that raw data the traditional way—which involves a tried-and-true non-AI mathematical process—they train artificial intelligence to do the data-to-image conversion. If researchers try to interpret the fast-MRI data the traditional way, the results are bad, because there’s not enough data in the first place. With AI, they are better.
The goal right now is to be able to run an MRI scan as much as 10 times faster and get an image with the required accuracy. Researchers at NYU have been working on this idea since 2023, and now they’ve announced they’re partnering with the AI research wing of Facebook, called FAIR, to push it forward.
Faster MRIs would be a good thing—patients would spend less time in machines, and imaging centers and hospitals could do more tests per day. Another benefit suggested by this research is that if an MRI could run fast enough, a physician could order one of those scans instead of a traditional X-ray or CT exam—and save the patient from the dose of radiation they’d get otherwise, since magnetic resonance imaging doesn’t use radiation to do its job like those other scans do.
This is a low quality image of a knee created by running an MRI machine faster than usual and interpreting that raw data the traditional way, without AI. NYU School of Medicine / Facebook
The project represents an interesting approach to incorporating artificial intelligence into medicine. AI is frequently used to analyze what is in an image; in everyday life, those images could be pictures of pasta or hot dogs uploaded to Yelp, for example. Or, in the case of medical images like X-rays, research studies have explored using AI to analyze tuberculosis in X-rays or knees from MRIs. And in a collaboration between Alphabet’s DeepMind and Moorfields Eye Hospital in England, AI will analyze three-dimensional scans of the backs of patients’ eyes and even suggest treatment.
But in this case, the strategy is different: the AI is helping create the image in the first place.
This is what an MRI image of a knee should look like—this was created using the traditional, non-AI approach from an MRI running at normal speed. The NYU / Facebook project aims to create images of this quality, but created by AI from less data. NYU School of Medicine / Facebook
“AI is capable of learning transforms that are not immediately obvious to the human mind,” Sodickson says, referring to the process of transforming the raw data into the image that radiologists later read. “Early indications are very positive that this is something that AI can do well.”
Of course, creating an image from less data than usual sounds risky—what if the AI interpreted that data in a way that produced a nice-looking picture, but missed something critical? A small tear in a ligament, or a little tumor? Sodickson says that’s the biggest issue on their radar. “We need to be sure that what we are presenting is truth,” he says. “We have lots of ways to try to test this.”
The AI isn’t yet generating images from the fast scans that are as good as the pictures from the slower, normal scans, although the AI already does a better job at creating images from less data than previous methods were capable of doing. “They’re better than anything we could get before, they’re just not quite as good as the full [scan] yet,” he says.
Component Testing Vs Unit Testing
Difference Between Component Testing vs Unit Testing
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Unit Testing is the technique in software testing individual applications, modules that indicate the execution of the programme according to the specification. Unit Testing is a form of white box software testing in which individual software units are tested to determine whether or not they are eligible for use. These software unit includes a group of computer programme usage procedures, modules, as well as operating procedures. Error Detection is easy in unit testing as it is done after each development step. For the modules being evaluated, a driver function is responsible for creating method calls. The component which uses a strategy is imitated as the stub. The original substitute for the misplaced approaches is these stubs.
Head to Head Comparison Between Component Testing vs Unit Testing (Infographics) Key Difference Between Component Testing vs Unit Testing
The main difference between component testing and unit testing is that the component testing is performed by testers on the other hand the Unit testing is executed by SDET professionals or developers. Component testing is performed at the application level whereas unit testing is done at a granular level.
It is examined in unit testing whether the piece of code or individual program is executed as defined. In component testing, each software object is independently evaluated with or without separation from other device objects or components.
In component testing, testing is done by validating use cases and test requirements whereas Unit testing is tested against design documents.
Component testing is a type of black box testing while unit testing is a type of white box testing.
Component testing is performed once the unit testing is performed while before the component testing. In component testing, tester does not have knowledge about the internal architecture of the software. On the other hand, while doing unit testing, developers know the internal architecture of the software.
Error detection is a bit difficult in component testing as compared to unit testing and it is performed only after the whole software is developed. Whereas unit testing is done after each development step. Hence component testing is important for finding the errors and bugs. In order to make sure that each component of an application works efficiently, it is recommended to conduct the component test before proceeding with the unit testing.
Component Testing vs Unit Testing Comparison TableLet’s discuss the top comparison between Component Testing vs Unit Testing:
Sr. No Component Testing Unit Testing
1 In this testing, each object or component of the software is tested separately. In this type of testing, individual modules or programs for program execution.
2 It validates use cases and test requirements. It is tested against design documents.
3 It is performed once the unit testing is performed. It is performed before the component testing.
4 In component testing, tester do not have knowledge about the internal architecture of the software. In Unit testing, developers knows the internal architecture of the software.
5 Error detection is bit difficult as compared to unit testing. Error detection is easy in unit testing.
6 Component testing is performed only after the whole software is developed. Unit testing is done after each development step.
7 It is done at application level. Unit testing is done at a granular level.
8 It is a type of black box testing. It is a type of white box testing.
ConclusionIn this article we have seen key differences between Component Testing and Unit Testing. Component testing is just much like unit testing, but it is conducted at a higher level of the context of the application and integration. If the Component testing is done correctly then there are fewer bugs in the next stage hence it is conducted before unit testing which tests the programs.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Component Testing vs Unit Testing. Here we discuss the key differences with infographics and comparison table respectively. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
Learn Why � Less’ Is Faster Than � More’ Command For Effective File Navigation
More is a command to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file, one screen at a time. It is available on Unix and Unix-like systems, DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows. Programs of this sort are called pagers. More is a very basic pager, originally allowing only forward navigation through a file, though newer implementations which allows for limited backward movement.
The basics of more command should be like this –
$ more chúng tôi sample output should be like this –2023-12-02 11:30:45 startup archives unpack 2023-12-02 11:30:45 status half-installed python-ptyprocess:all 0.5-1 2023-12-02 11:30:45 status unpacked python-ptyprocess:all 0.5-1 2023-12-02 11:30:45 status unpacked python-ptyprocess:all 0.5-1 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status half-installed python-pexpect:all 4.0.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-pexpect:all 4.0.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-pexpect:all 4.0.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status half-installed python-simplegeneric:all 0.8.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-simplegeneric:all 0.8.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-simplegeneric:all 0.8.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status half-installed ipython:all 2.4.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status triggers-pending man-db:amd64 2.7.5-1 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status triggers-pending hicolor-icon-theme:all 0.15-0ubuntu1 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status half-installed ipython:all 2.4.1-1 Mounting /boot/efi... [ OK ] Mounted /boot/efi. [ OK ] Reached target Local File Systems. Starting Clean up any mess left by 0dns-up... Starting Set console font and keymap... Starting LSB: AppArmor initialization... Starting Tell Plymouth To Write Out Runtime Data... Starting Create Volatile Files and Directories... [ OK ] Started Tell Plymouth To Write Out Runtime Data. [ OK ] Started Clean up any mess left by 0dns-up. Starting Nameserver information manager... [ OK ] Started Nameserver information manager. [ OK ] Started Set console font and keymap. [ OK ] Created slice system-getty.slice. [ OK ] Started Create Volatile Files and Directories. Starting Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown... Starting Network Time Synchronization... [ OK ] Started Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown. [ OK ] Started Network Time Synchronization. [ OK ] Reached target System Time Synchronized. [ OK ] Started LSB: AppArmor initialization. [ OK ] Reached target System Initialization.In order to navigate, press Enter key or press Spacebar key to navigate one page. To exit the command just press q key or CTRL+C chúng tôi set the number of lines a page should contain,use the following command –
$ more -5 chúng tôi above command shows only first 10 lines. The sample output should be like this –Dec 6 12:27:33 khushboo-HP-15-Notebook-PC kernel: [ 2941.623182] nouveau 0000:09:00.0: DRM: resuming kernel object tree… Dec 6 12:27:33 khushboo-HP-15-Notebook-PC kernel: [ 2941.740892] nouveau 0000:09:00.0: bus: MMIO write of 0000001f FAULT at 6013d4 [ IBUS ] Dec 6 12:27:33 khushboo-HP-15-Notebook-PC kernel: [ 2941.741404] nouveau 0000:0To get more information about more command, use the following command
$ more -hThe sample output should be like this –
more: unknown option -h Usage: more [options] ... A file perusal filter for CRT viewing. Options: -d display help instead of ringing bell -f count logical rather than screen lines -l suppress pause after form feed -c do not scroll, display text and clean line ends -p do not scroll, clean screen and display text -s squeeze multiple blank lines into one -u suppress underlining - the number of lines per screenful + display file beginning from line number +/ display file beginning from search string match -V display version information and exit For more details see more(1). Learn Linux ‘less’ CommandLess command allows you to view the contents of a file and navigate through file. The sample of less command should be like this –
$ less chúng tôi sample output should be like this –2023-12-02 11:30:48 status half-installed ipython:all 2.4.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:48 status triggers-pending bamfdaemon:amd64 0.5.3~bzr0+16.04.20 160701-0ubuntu1 2023-12-02 11:30:48 status triggers-pending mime-support:all 3.59ubuntu1 2023-12-02 11:30:48 status unpacked ipython:all 2.4.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:48 status unpacked ipython:all 2.4.1-1 2023-12-02 11:30:48 upgrade libmysqlclient20:i386 5.7.13-0ubuntu0.16.04.2 5.7.16-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 2023-12-02 11:30:48 status triggers-pending libc-bin:amd64 2.23-0ubuntu3 2023-12-02 11:30:48 status half-configured libmysqlclient20:i386 5.7.13-0ubuntu0.16.04.2 2023-12-02 11:30:48 status unpacked libmysqlclient20:i386 5.7.13-0ubuntu0.16.04.2By Enter key, You can navigate through the file line by line pressing. To get more information about less command, use the following command
$ less --helpThe sample output should be like this –
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N. Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given. A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K. h H Display this help. q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- MOVING e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines). y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines). f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines). b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines). z * Forward one window (and set window to N). w * Backward one window (and set window to N). ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N). u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N). ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).If you need to find the number of every line, use the -N option as shown below –
$ less -N chúng tôi sample output should be like this –1 2023-12-02 11:30:45 startup archives unpack 3 2023-12-02 11:30:45 status half-installed python-ptyprocess:all 0.5-1 4 2023-12-02 11:30:45 status unpacked python-ptyprocess:all 0.5-1 5 2023-12-02 11:30:45 status unpacked python-ptyprocess:all 0.5-1 7 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status half-installed python-pexpect:all 4.0.1-1 8 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-pexpect:all 4.0.1-1 9 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-pexpect:all 4.0.1-1 11 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status half-installed python-simplegeneric:all 0.8.1 11 -1 12 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-simplegeneric:all 0.8.1-1 13 2023-12-02 11:30:46 status unpacked python-simplegeneric:all 0.8.1-1 15 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status half-installed ipython:all 2.4.1-1 16 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status triggers-pending man-db:amd64 2.7.5-1 17 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status triggers-pending hicolor-icon-theme:all 0.15- 17 0ubuntu1 18 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status half-installed ipython:all 2.4.1-1 19 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status triggers-pending gnome-menus:amd64 3.13.3-6ub 19 untu3.1 20 2023-12-02 11:30:47 status triggers-pending desktop-file-utils:amd64 0.2To exit from the less command use q key or CTRL+C key. To change this behavior and automatically exit file when reaching the end of file use the following command
After this article, you will be able to understand – How to Use ‘less’ and ‘more’ Commands with Examples in Linux, we will come up with more Linux based tricks and tips. Keep reading!
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