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Get Exclusive Insights on Demand Forecasting

We conducted research to assess how supply chain teams perceive the accuracy of their forecasts and discover the tools and techniques they are using to upgrade the forecasting process.

Our research results are presented in this report.

Here, you’ll find helpful benchmarks and insights offered by peers on the latest demand forecasting techniques, forecast specifics and periodicity, and expectations for the future.

The survey was completed by 301 professionals working in supply chain, finance, sales and commercial / business roles.

Respondents work in many areas, including North America, Europe, Latin America, and Asia Pacific.

Various industries are represented from chemicals to consumer electronics, food and beverage and manufacturing sectors.

Perceptions on forecast accuracy

Find out how supply chain professionals rate the accuracy of their forecast and the benefits they expect to gain from improved forecast accuracy.

Most common techniques and technologies

Find out which methodologies and tools are in use and on the rise.

A New Day For Demand Forecasting?

Demand Forecasting

How supply chain teams realize the accuracy of their forecasts and discover the tools and techniques they are using to upgrade the forecasting process.

Perceptions on Forecast Accuracy

Demand forecasting is perceived as an important part of the business planning process.

But, only 2% of respondents reported being “extremely satisfied” with the accuracy of their forecasts.

Also read: Best Oculus Quest 2 Accessories To Bring Home (Its Upgrade Time For Meta Quest 2)

Technologies and Techniques in Use

Technology may performance the main role in organizations’ perceptions of forecast accuracy.

Only 2% of respondents said they were “extremely satisfied” with the tools used for demand forecasting.

Neutrality seems to be the norm, with 49% of respondents rating their satisfaction with their current technology between 5 and 7. Roughly 27% are not satisfied.

30% of respondents stated that they use an expert forecasting package, and 61% of them reported being satisfied.

About a quarter of respondents (23%) use bundled ERP functionality, and the majority feel indifferent about this toolset.

Research shows that organizations are looking at several techniques to improve demand forecasting.

56% of professionals are looking into statistical modeling of historical demand in their organizations, and 41% are looking into machine learning.

Another 41% is currently investigating demand sensing.

Other techniques that are being investigated include the ‘best fit’ functionality and segmentation. 60% of respondents also indicated that they were “extremely curious” about new techniques such as DDMRP for expulsion from the effects of forecast accuracy.

We have focused in this paper on particular performance measurement, i.e. forecast accuracy, and its relevance for improving the quality of firms’ planning processes. Of course, firms use many different performance metrics and forecasting accuracy is clearly just one of them. It is not our interest in this paper to only study forecast accuracy to expand this list. Instead, our study is driven by a long-standing concern with the quality of firms, which has gained momentum recently as researchers became interested in the use of firms’ rolling forecasts and application beyond budget considerations is.

AIMMS SC Navigator Director, Brian Dooley.

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Future Of Supply Chain Management And What Trends For 2023?

For 2023, we looked to the experts for their ideas about the future of supply chain management trends that we might see in the new year. Between robots, ever-increasing clouds, lack of capacity, security and more, we have gathered a lot of interesting topics to discuss. Here are six SCM software trends for 2023:

1. Future of Robots in supply chain management

For many years, we have been hearing about the way autonomous mobile robots (AMR) are altering the landscape of this distribution chain. But past huge players such as Amazon, we have not heard much in their widespread adoption. Nevertheless, this may be shifting in 2023. We talked to Steve Banker, VP of ARC Advisory Group, about his ideas.

Among the several future trends in supply chain management he’s seeing is “the development of a class of autonomous mobile robots constructed to maximize the picking procedure… In consequence, this tier of logic is comparable to what type of warehouse management system (WMS) does. WMS providers have new opponents from a field they may not have anticipated: hardware providers.”

Since AMR becomes cheaper and accessible to companies from the mid-market, we are only likely to find this rivalry growth. But while both AMR and WMS will help warehouse supervisors maximize their procedures, they do finally quite different jobs. Banker continues, “While the AMR maximizes the choosing, they do not handle procedures like tracking trucks during loading and put-away. And lots of e-commerce warehouses have parts of the warehouse dedicated to classic pallet and case choosing, which these systems do not manage, but WMS does. So while AMRs could squeeze the WMS market, it will not take the industry away.”

Banker also discussed what he has heard from executives in big WMS businesses. While WMS sellers see the danger, they know the remedy is to operate with robotics. This implies we will see a larger effort by WMS organizations to be certain their systems may utilize AMR systems in 2023. We might also find a higher emphasis on automation generally, for the little section of the marketplace which would need to pick between the 2 products.

2. Logistics in 2023

This past year, you could not open up your browser without viewing something associated with”capacity ” And though the extreme need for transport was quite actual, Inbound Logistics’s yearly poll suggests it tapered off in 2023. While 62 percent of respondents stated they experienced a lack of truck ability in 2023, just 43% could state precisely the exact same in 2023. Nevertheless, 86 percent of shippers saw speed hikes last year and 1 in 5 shippers still see discovering capacity as their main obstacle.

So I don’t get this’ meaning for the market in the coming year? Possibly, 2023 could be a significant adjustment year for the trucking business. John Hitch of FleetOwner reports that a downturn is likely, founded on past market designs. He specifies that the Institute of Supply Chain Management announced a PMI of 47.8% — the most reduced it’s been since the most recent month of the Great Recession in 2009.

To exacerbate a contracting market, there is additionally an overabundance of trucks. These are vehicles that were bought to make up for fast development and to give brisk guide to casualties of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in 2023. Obviously, this hinders the creation of trucks, which additionally influences the producers that would ordinarily supply the materials.

A feeble trucking market means that shippers are going to have more leverage to dictate costs along with also the payment cycle. Inbound Logistics additionally reports what has been a 30-day interval to generate payment is presently a 45-day period. The company also notes that this is very likely to proceed to 60 days.

This usually means that it is likely to become more important than ever for organizations to keep tabs on the business processes within an agile way that could keep up with changes on the marketplace. Truck manufacturers need to put money into manufacturing program which may help them automate procedures and reduce costs to help compensate for lost business. Shippers and trucking businesses may need more powerful supply chain cooperation systems to browse a shifting landscape that has been stable for the last decade.

One solution to this would be to proceed into the cloud.

Related: – Pros and Cons for Data Analytics in Supply Chain Management

3. The Market for Cloud-Based Products is Growing

Cloud frameworks today offer a similar degree of usefulness and security as their on-premise partners, while additionally decreasing the sunk expenses and customization hardships that plague customary programming. Hardly any organizations genuinely need an on-premise framework, thus normally, the market for cloud SCM is required to develop in 2023.

At the point when we addressed Jim Tompkins, Chairman and CEO of Tompkins International, he gave us a couple of explanations behind this development. The most compelling motivation he gave regardless of anything else was that “individuals are over the dread of another person controlling them.” previously, numerous rivals of cloud-based programming were stressed over an outside gathering having any entrance to their product, particularly with unlimited authority over their uptime and security. Be that as it may, as cloud-based frameworks gain prevalence, these merchants have demonstrated themselves to be dependable and reliable colleagues.

As a general rule, organizations ought to think about how a SCM item can be arranged to help their definitive objectives. In light of this, organizations should be somewhat more adaptable with cloud-based frameworks than they may be with ultra-adjustable on-premise arrangements. An on-premise arrangement enables you to modify your product to help your business forms precisely as they stand. Configurability implies your product will bolster your business generally speaking, yet you may wind up changing a few procedures to work better with the innovation. Configurability as a component will pick up footing in the coming a long time as the interruption cycle gets shorter and shorter.

4. Supply Inventory

Tompkins likewise gave his musings on appropriated stock sooner rather than later. With how most organizations handle dissemination, retailers can offer quick dispatching at significant expenses or moderate transportation at low expenses. Be that as it may, an ever increasing number of clients are needing quick and modest. He notes, “Amazon has ruined the client.” He proceeded to talk about how clients routinely pick three to five-day transporting however when their bundle takes over a day or two to show up, they’re at last disillusioned. So how do retailers meet the desires set by Amazon?

“The best way to do that is to circulate the stock. As the separations get longer, the costs [and] time to conveyance go up.” Tompkins states the arrangement is in lessening the expense of the last mile with more distribution centers. Be that as it may, these supply centers should be cost improved, which can’t occur on the off chance that they are principally utilized as capacity.

Rather, he says that they will need to function as points of stock flow. To do so, he forecasts a tool known as dispersed inventory flow calling (DIFF) will become ever more common. Together with DIFF,”we now can predict the flow of substances to optimize order fill rate when decreasing inventory levels” Tompkins says present software only does not offer strong enough information analytics for many vendors to use distributed stock. However, as DIFF becomes readily available, we will notice an increase in spread inventory and shorter shipping times.

Related: – Importance of Supply Chain Management

5. Stronger Security Measures

With such a basic requirement for improved security inside this industry, all things considered, we’ll see fabricating programming sellers fortify and add further safety efforts to their items. This incorporates instruments like client based access levels which give reviews to workers and denies entrance into favored pieces of the framework. There may likewise be an accentuation on sourcing and obtainment apparatuses, which as indicated by Free is the place numerous organizations put themselves in danger.

Further, a 2023 report from the National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC) states cybercrime inside all supply chain programming might be on the ascent sooner rather than later.

As new programming highlights, for example, man-made brainpower and IoT gadgets are acquainted with the supply chain, cybercriminals will have significantly more vulnerabilities to abuse. So as to keep acquainting the new innovation with improve SCM best practices, sellers should fortify safety efforts to keep organizations secured.

6. Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things

The principal inventory network the board innovation pattern Nahata predicts will develop in 2023 is the Internet of Things (IoT). “The primary drivers behind the development of IoT are the accessibility of modest and dependable sensors, infiltration of web, the enormous addition in information stockpiling and preparing capacities, and the rise of AI. The eventual fate of IoT is anticipated to prompt a 15 percent efficiency increment in the conveyance and store network industry. Numerous coordinations specialists are utilizing these new assets to improve their stockpile systems, lessen expenses and search for chances to produce incomes.”

He likewise predicts an expansion in man-made reasoning to settle the numerous wasteful aspects still present in the present stock chains. “The store network has verifiably been similar to a black box for ventures, with clients not knowing where and what condition their merchandise is in. Producers are losing a ton of time, cash and stock because of unpredicted cargo development. India alone spends about $160 billion on street coordinations, twice [what is gone through by] nations with a proficient transportation framework.” Nahata states numerous organizations are now going to AI to streamline their stock chains, as it effectively decreases time and cash spent while accelerating forms.

He proceeds, “Man-made brainpower can rehash plans of action by patching up the manner by which you see inventory network the board future patterns. Artificial intelligence can break down the examples of the present activities to anticipate the potential results of tomorrow’s situations. This can be utilized to robotize lower-level basic leadership and offset the stockpile with the guage request. Directors would thus be able to enjoy their abilities insignificant level basic leadership and strategizing.”

Related: – What is the Right Data Strategy for IoT and Industry 4.0

To Sum it Up

One year from now will carry both new difficulties and innovations to organizations working in the inventory network. To start with, organizations will have more choices with regards to supply center administration innovation as both WMS arrangements and robotized robots. Be that as it may, this implies the makers of these two items may see some expanded challenge from one another.

Next, the limit crunch could prompt a trucking downturn, constraining organizations to discover more approaches to reduce expenses. One of the manners in which organizations may have the option to spare assets forthright is with cloud-based SCM. The cloud market will keep on developing as more organizations become less dreadful.

Notwithstanding reducing expenses, organizations should discover better approaches to remain aggressive. New innovation will probably get prominent to help actualize dispersed stock, enabling littler organizations to stay aware of Amazon. In conclusion, the requirement for security inside the store network will probably keep on being tended to into 2023 as AI and IoT develop in universality.

So as to stay aware of the coming changes to the store network industry, organizations may profit by embracing a SCM programming arrangement. To get familiar with what a SCM arrangement can do and how to pick the correct one for your business, make a point to look at our SCM Software Buyer’s Guide. By actualizing a solid framework now, you’ll be better outfitted to manage the difficulties seemingly within easy reach.

7 Ways To Improve Your Supply Chain Sustainability In 2023

A sustainable supply chain is an important part of improving a company’s environmental, social, and governance (ESG) score which have an impact on attracting more customers and investors (see Figure 2). Supply chain activities are responsible for the bulk of scope 3 GHG emissions of a company. Additionally, corporations that source raw materials or intermediate items from developing nations could unintentionally abuse their suppliers’ employees who work in inhumane conditions.

Supply chain executives have difficulties to make their operations greener. According to EY’s 2023 survey, the main challenges of supply chain managers are:

Nearly 40% of businesses struggle to identify and reach ESG targets to improve supply chain sustainability, and 20% of businesses are completely clueless about improving supply chain sustainability.

Nearly 60% of executives complain about a lack of end-to-end supply chain visibility, which makes it difficult to understand the supply chains’ financial and environmental performance.

In this article, we will look at 7 best practices with examples that can help supply chain managers overcome their main obstacles to creating more equitable and ecologically friendly supply chains.

Figure 2: Expected benefits of sustainable supply chains.

What is a sustainable supply chain?

A sustainable supply chain tries to transmit goods as cheaply and quickly as possible to the upstream supply chain or end customers while reducing or eliminating negative environmental and social impacts. Three pillars make up a sustainable supply chain:

Financial or economic sustainability

Because longevity is linked to sustainability, a company with a sustainable supply chain should be able to deliver a satisfying income to all of its stakeholders, including owners, investors, and employees.

Environmental sustainability

A sustainable supply chain should release as few GHG as possible. Scope 3 emissions (GHG emissions related with supply chain, usage and disposal) constitute the majority of GHG emissions for consumer products firms, accounting for more than 80% of their overall GHG emissions (see Figure 2). Because the global population and GDP are both increasing, total consumption is also increasing. Thus, sustainable supply chains are a powerful tool for reducing our carbon footprint.

Social sustainability

A sustainable supply chain respects human rights through the value chain. A responsible firm works with companies that do not use child or forced labor. Despite the humanitarian side of the situation, a supply chain that is unconcerned about social sustainability may produce brand image distortions. Last year, for example, it was revealed that Starbucks’ coffee bean suppliers recruited children under the age of 13 to cut expenses.

Top 7 sustainable supply chain practices with examples

In this section we will present top 7 best practices that will improve your corporate supply chain’s sustainability.

1. Find the current pain points of your supply chain

Each products’ carbon footprint varies from one supply chain to another. Therefore, calculating your product carbon footprint must be the first step of finding the current pain points of your supply chain. By calculating PCF you’ll be able to identify which operations need to be improved and begin developing an effective supply chain sustainability strategy.

Scope 3 GHG emissions account for around 80% of the overall product carbon footprint of manufacturing, food, electric-electronic, and textile companies (see Figure 3).

Figure 3: Breakdown of the scope of some sector’s emissions:

Depending on the industry, the most significant source of scope 3 emissions could be at different stages of the product life cycle. For non-electric automobiles, for example, around 80% of scope 3 GHG emissions occur while the vehicle is in use. For textile products, on the other hand, the majority of scope 3 GHG emissions occur during the distribution transportation and disposal stages.

Firms in the same industry also have distinct business practices and operating regions. As a result, each business and product has its own carbon footprint.

Read our article on the Top 7 Carbon Footprint Calculator Software/Tools for Businesses to learn about the best carbon footprint calculators.

Elements Of The Modern Hiring Process

Modern hiring processes have changed, and formerly unique strategies are now highly valued tactics to attract the best job applicants.

New hiring priorities consider diversity, remote work, expanded onboarding and other factors.

Hiring managers should avoid common hiring mistakes, like long processes, too many interviewers and a lack of transparency.

This article is for hiring managers who want to improve their recruitment processes and for job seekers who want to know what to expect during the hiring process.

The job market is constantly evolving, and hiring practices must adapt to allow organizations to recruit and retain the best talent and thus fuel business growth. Today’s hiring landscape involves terms like “the Great Resignation,” “quiet quitting” and the “Great Reshuffle,” signaling an increase in job vacancies and the need to hire engaged professionals who are willing to invest their talents in an organization. Additionally, shifts to remote work and digital employment platforms are changing how people apply for jobs and engage with career opportunities.

We’ll explore the latest hiring process trends to show job candidates what they can expect and help recruiters create a successful hiring and onboarding experience that meets candidates’ expectations and the company’s needs.

Elements of the modern hiring process

The process of hiring employees has shifted rapidly and evolved well beyond large teams of faceless panel interviews and “Don’t call us; we’ll call you” employer attitudes. Here are some essential elements of the hiring process that job seekers and employers should understand.

1. The shift to remote work is affecting the hiring process.

The pandemic moved many employees to remote work plans, bringing telecommuting into the mainstream. This remote-work shift is showing no signs of dissipating. According to a FlexJobs survey, 80% of women and 69% of men said remote work is an important factor when they are considering job offers. Remote employees can avoid the toll of the work commute while enjoying more flexibility to care for their families and achieve a positive work-life balance.

Employees aren’t the only ones who benefit from remote work. Businesses see higher productivity levels from remote workers, higher employee retention and a more engaged workforce.

It makes sense that more employers are adding flexible, hybrid and remote work options to their job listings and adjusting their hiring processes to attract the best employees.

Tip

To start implementing flexible work policies that attract top talent, consider compressed workweeks, remote work during the holidays, and telework options for part-time staff.

6. Diversity has become an essential hiring consideration.

The 2023 Recruiting Trends Report revealed that 57% of hiring managers prioritize finding diverse job candidates. Additionally, 59% say diversity, equity and inclusion (DE&I) is a top hiring trend, and 52% plan to hire diverse leadership.

Today’s businesses are using tech tools to enable a more diverse talent pool. For example, AI-assisted job listing creation and blind resume-reviewing tools aim to eliminate unconscious bias in the hiring process. Additionally, including diverse hiring team members helps companies identify potential biases they might have missed otherwise.

7. Companies are investing in onboarding to retain new hires.

The hiring process doesn’t end after a hiring manager writes a job offer letter. The next hiring phase is onboarding, a crucial and often overlooked element in retaining talent.

Poor onboarding can result in lower productivity and morale. In contrast, a strategic and thoughtful first two weeks of work can give a new employee confidence and quickly get them up to speed.

Hiring managers today are working with HR to create detailed onboarding processes that instill an organization’s mission and values, along with explaining benefits and scheduling meetings and training sessions. Investing in your new hire’s first days will yield dividends for years to come.

Tip

Create an employee hiring checklist to standardize onboarding. Include customized steps for various roles, including managers, team members and seasonal employees.

Apple Supply Chain Hints At Refreshed Macbook Pros Arriving In October Or November

Apple is predicted to release the new 14-inch and 16-inch M2 MacBook Pro notebooks powered by its own silicon in October or November of 2023, as per supply chain chatter.

STORY HIGHLIGHTS:

Apple silicon-powered MacBook Pros may launch within two months

People in the know have been expecting both 14″ and 16″ versions

13″ MacBook Pro was updated with Apple’s M1 chip in 2023

New MacBook Pros apparently coming later in the fall

After adding an Apple silicon variant of the 13-inch MacBook Pro to its notebook lineup in 2023, Apple is now poised to upgrade the higher-end models with its own chip.

Taiwanese industry publication DigiTimes is reporting that Apple silicon-powered MacBook Pros will probably arrive a bit later in the fall, probably in October or November, due to component shortages and supply chain disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

The ongoing chip shortages that are in varying degrees may cause the launch of Apple’s upcoming miniLED-backlit MacBook Pros to be scheduled in October or even November, instead of the usual September, according to industry sources.

Aside from ditching Intel for Apple’s own chip, which other improvements should you expect?

Is Apple finally giving MacBook Pro fans what they want?

These machines are expected to become the first Mac systems to use mini-LED backlighting which made its debut on the 12.9-inch iPad Pro. Mini-LEDs provide an OLED-like experience thanks to an array of thousands of tiny LED lights providing benefits like higher contrast and brightness, as well as local dimming zones (with annoyances like blooming).

The first Mac notebooks with OLED panels are, however, not expected to launch until 2023.

Other rumored features of the upcoming MacBook Pros include a flat-edged appearance with magnetic charging, an SD memory card reader, the removal of the useless Touch Bar, an HDMI port and other perks. An earlier DigiTimes report said Apple would make “a rare investment” to expand production of mini-LED backlights for an “upcoming MacBook series”.

As for chip type, Apple currently offers the M1 chip across select Mac models. An enhanced version of that chip, dubbed M1X, was already mentioned as a possible candidate for the upcoming MacBook Pro refresh, but that chip could be instead destined for the next Mac mini.

The five-nanometre Apple M2 chip, which would file as second-generation Apple silicon, may have recently entered mass production in TSMC’s semiconductor plants in Taiwan. If true, the M2 could be the engine that will drive the next generation of Apple notebooks.

When will the first M2 MacBook Pros arrive?

The new MacBook Pros are widely expected to arrive in October or November of 2023. Now, Apple sometimes announces major new notebooks in October. That being said, however, the current pandemic and supply chain situation may have delayed those plans until November.

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Apple is expected to stream two prerecorded product presentations, one this month and another one in October. A September event should serve as a launchpad for new iPhone and Apple Watch models. That leaves us with an October even as the most likely candidate for the MacBook Pro announcement.

But if the supply chain situation gets worse in the coming weeks, Apple could easily announce the upcoming 14 and 16-inch MacBook Pros with a press release, or preview the notebooks in October, before it starts to take pre-orders the following month.

How A Simple Computer Game Simulated The Dizzying U.s. Immigration Process

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Students from the University of Arkansas learned just how complex the U.S. immigration process was. Suranga Weeratunga/Deposit

Brandon Bouchillon is an assistant professor of journalism at the University of Arkansas. This story originally featured on The Conversation.

People fear and mistrust what they don’t know—including people of other racial and ethnic backgrounds. That lack of trust causes social and political divisions in the US and around the world, especially when it comes to immigrants.

Inspired by research in Hungary that found computer games could help players reduce their prejudice toward immigrants, my colleague Patrick Stewart devised a role-playing game as part of an American national government course at the University of Arkansas. I helped to develop survey measures for tracking changes in trust during the game.

Our hope was that by playing the game over the course of a semester, students would come to understand a bit more about what immigrants go through in the US, and as a result, perhaps trust could develop.

We found that it was possible for a role-playing game to help simulate shared experiences with immigrants, even in a group of mostly white, conservative students. This helped trust in immigrants to grow.

Creating an identity

The game, called “Citizenship Quest,” was played in an online learning platform for the fall 2023 and spring 2023 semesters. Most of the students were freshmen and sophomores.

At the beginning of each semester, the students completed a survey about their interest in politics, while also answering questions about how much they trusted immigrants. They completed the same survey at the end of the semester, after the game was over, which allowed us to track changes in immigrant trust over time.

Once we had their initial results, we assigned each student to role-play as a character from Mexico, India or China, origins of the three largest immigrant groups in America. The students got to pick their character’s gender, and a gender-appropriate name was assigned to them on the basis of the most popular names in their character’s country.

Next, the students created fuller back stories for their characters, fleshing out their work history, past residences and even physical characteristics such as hair and eye color.

Learning about paperwork

For the next phase of the game, each student applied for permission to live and work in US on behalf of their character. We had them complete the proper paperwork, including the 18-page I-485 form “Application to Register for Permanent Residence or Adjust Status” and the seven-page I-765 form “Application for Employment Authorization.” They signed their character’s name to the forms as well.

We also asked them to submit a photograph of their hands, to imitate the fingerprinting process.

Finally, we had them simulate applying for U.S. citizenship. This meant filling out the 20-page N-400 form “Application for Naturalization” and submitting another photograph of their hands.

All paperwork was uploaded to us through the course website—not to actual immigration authorities. And of course, we didn’t ask them to pay the $2,445 in federal fees associated with filing those forms.

Economic progress

The game used a scoring system that functioned sort of like a currency, so we called it “coin.” All the players started with a modest sum, and they could earn more coin by completing weekly assignments such as chapter quizzes on time. The game included random positive events as well, like having their character receive a new letter of reference or being profiled in the local newspaper as a volunteer. These added to the player’s coin.

Players could also earn coin by either buying or preparing food from their character’s country and writing 150 words about their experience with the food and what they thought of it. They took a picture of the food as well, with at least one of their hands being clearly visible in the shot—as a means of reinforcing their personal connections to characters.

At the end of the game, students took the U.S. citizenship exam, before retaking the survey about trust in immigrants. Their ability to complete the paperwork, do well on the citizenship exam, and accumulate coin became part of their overall grade in the course.

Trusting over time

We found that students came to trust more in immigrants in general, and in immigrant groups they role-played as more specifically, by playing the game.

On the other hand, a Latina student mentioned that she had obtained citizenship herself in the past year, and said she “loved the thought process” at work behind the game. She pointed out that the game was still “much easier” than the real thing, but we were heartened to hear her recognize and appreciate its value.

In the end, we find evidence that role-playing as immigrants applying for citizenship is related to trusting them. Games can be used to acquaint citizens with the trials and tribulations immigrants go through, as a set of shared experiences upon which to build connections and trust in the future.

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