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Introduction to if-else Statement in Python

To test which conditions are either TRUE or FALSE amongst two or more, the Python programming language provides a logical statement structure of the form IF-ELIF-ELSE which can be considered the form if statement followed by one or more else if represented as elif in Python. The else statement validates desired conditions against certain criteria or assumptions, enabling the user to perform a required task based on the output returned in the context of the IF ELSE logical statement in Python.

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Syntax in Python:

… … else:

The tab always indents the body of the if-else statement.

You can use various logical conditions inside the if-else statement for evaluation. Let’s say p and q are variables defined in the Python environment. The condition could be:

p == q.

p != q

p < q

p <= q

Flowchart

The flowchart shows that the program first evaluates the test expression. If the expression evaluates to ‘True,’ it executes a specified set of statements. If it evaluates to ‘False,’ it executes another specified set of statements.

Here is the node representation, which can be converted into the if-else statement.

if (A) { XX } elif (B) { YY } else{ ZZ } Examples of if-else Statement in Python

Let’s see some examples to understand if-else more:

Example #1

Code:

var = 100 print("true expression executed") else: print("false expression executed")

Output:

As one can see, var = 100. If the value checked in the if condition is greater than 100, the program prints “True expression executed.” However, if a value is less than or equal to 90, see how this code would have behaved below.

var = 90 print("true expression executed") else: print("false expression executed")

There could use a one-liner code for the above logic.

Code:

var = 100

Output:

Example #2

Now let’s see some comparison of variables.

Code:

p = 90 q = 20 print("true expression executed") print("false expression executed") else: print("Nothing")

Output:

Example #3

Now let’s see the use of the logical operator in an if-else statement:

Code:

p = 2000 q = 3330 r = 600 print("Both conditions are True") else: print("Nothing")

Output:

The same way it can be done for “OR.”

Code:

p = 2000 q = 30 r = 600 print("Any one expression is true") else: print("Nothing")

Output:

Code:

p = 2000 q = 30 r = 600 s = 60 t = 60 print("True is this") else: print("Nothing")

Output:

Example #4

Now let’s see an if-else statement with a pass operator.

There are ample situations where one doesn’t know what logic to put at the writing program’s start. The pass operator is the one that is used at that time.

Code:

pass else: print("Nothing")

Output:

If a statement evaluates to true and contains a pass operator, the program doesn’t print anything

Conclusions

As we saw above, how important is the concept of if-else? Knowing its ways of implementation in your code will help you get a good understanding of it. If one is already familiar with the if-else statement in another computer language, then it becomes really easy to understand the if-else in Python. Concept wise remains the same; syntactically, it varies in Python.

When someone has multiple conditions, one should use if-else if statements rather than a nested if-else statement. This will make the code more readable and cleaner. Similarly, the more one practices various if-else, the more one will learn about their easiness and practicality.

However, one can look for a dictionary concept as an alternative to the if-else statement.

Oracle Pl/Sql If Then Else Statement: Elsif, Nested

What are Decision-Making Statements?

Decision making statements are those who will decide the flow-control of SQL statements based on the conditions. It gives the programmer a better control of preventing a particular code from executing (diagram 1) or choosing a desired code based on the condition (diagram 2). Below is the pictorial representation of the “Decision Making Statement”.

Decision Making Statement Diagram

Types of Decision Making Statements:

Oracle provides the following types of decision making statements.

IF-THEN

IF-THEN-ELSE

IF-THEN-ELSIF

NESTED-IF

CASE

SEARCHED CASE

In this tutorial, you will learn-

IF-THEN Statement

The IF-THEN statement is mainly used to execute a particular section of codes only when the condition is satisfied.

The condition should yield Boolean (True/False). It is a basic conditional statement which will allow the ORACLE to execute/skip a particular piece of code based on the pre-defined conditions.

Syntax for IF THEN Statements:

THEN -executed only if the condition returns TRUE END if;

In the above syntax, keyword ‘IF’ will be followed by a condition which evaluates to ‘TRUE’/’FALSE’.

Note: Whenever condition evaluated to ‘NULL’, then SQL will treat ‘NULL’ as ‘FALSE’.

Example 1: In this example, we are going to print a message when the number is greater than 100. For that, we will execute the following code

To print a message when a number has value more than 100, we execute the following code.

DECLARE a NUMBER :=10; BEGIN dbms_output.put_line(‘Program started.' ); dbms_output.put_line('a is greater than 100'); END IF; dbms_output.put_line(‘Program completed.'); END; /

Code Explanation:

Code line 2: Declaring the variable ‘a’ as ‘NUMBER’ data type and initializing it with value ’10’.

Code line 4: Printing the statement “Program started”.

Code line 5: Checking the condition, whether variable ‘a’ is greater than ‘100.’

Code line 6: If ‘a’ is greater than ‘100’, then “a is greater than 100” will be printed. If ‘a’ is lesser than or equal to 100, then condition fails, so the above printing statement ignored.

Code line 8: Printing the statement “Program completed”.

Code Output:

Program started. Program completed.

Example 2: In this example, we are going to print a message if a given alphabet is present in English vowels (A, E, I, O, U).

To print a message when the given character is Vowel, we execute the following code.

DECLARE a CHAR(1) :=’u’; BEGIN IF UPPER(a) in ('A’,'E','I','0','U' ) THEN dbms_output.put_line(‘The character is in English Vowels'); END IF; END; /

Code Explanation:

Code line 2: Declaring the variable ‘a’ as ‘CHAR’ of size ‘1’ data type and initializing it with value ‘u’.

Code line 4: Checking the condition, whether variable ‘a’ is present in the list (‘A’,’E’,’I’,’O’,’U’).

Value of ‘a’ has been converted to uppercase before comparing to make the comparison is case-insensitive.

Code line 5: If ‘a’ is present in the list, then the statement “The character is in English Vowels” will be printed. If condition failed, then this program will not give any output, as outside the IF-THEN block we have not issued any printing statement.

Code Output:

The character is in English Vowels IF-THEN-ELSE Statement

The IF-THEN-ELSE statement is mainly used to select between two alternatives based on the condition.

Below is the syntax representation of IF-THEN-ELSE statement.

Syntax for IF-THEN-ELSE Statements:

THEN -executed only if the condition returns TRUE ELSE -execute if the condition failed (returns FALSE) END if;

In the above syntax, keyword ‘IF’ will be followed by a condition which evaluates to ‘TRUE’/’FALSE’.

In any case, one of the two action blocks will be executed.

Note: Whenever condition evaluates to ‘NULL’, then SQL will treat ‘NULL’ as ‘FALSE’.

Example 1: In this example, we are going to print message whether the given number is odd or even.

DECLARE a NUMBER:=11; BEGIN dbms_output.put_line (‘Program started'); IF( mod(a,2)=0) THEN dbms_output.put_line('a is even number' ); ELSE dbms_output.put_line('a is odd number1); END IF; dbms_output.put_line (‘Program completed.’); END; /

Code Explanation:

Code line 2: Declaring the variable ‘a’ as ‘NUMBER’ data type and initializing it with value ’11’.

Code line 4: Printing the statement “Program started”.

Code line 5: Checking the condition, whether modulus of variable ‘a’ by ‘2’ is 0.

Code line 6: If ‘0’, then “a is even number” will be printed.

Code line10: Printing the statement “Program completed”

Code Output:

Program started. a is odd number Program completed. IF-THEN-ELSIF Statement

The IF-THEN-ELSIF statement is mainly used where one alternative should be chosen from a set of alternatives, where each alternative has its own conditions to be satisfied.

The IF-THEN-ELSIF statement may contain ‘ELSE’ block in it. This ‘ELSE’ block will be executed if none of the conditions is satisfied.

Note: ELSE block is optional in this conditional statement. If there is no ELSE block, and none of the condition satisfied, then the controller will skip all the action block and start executing the remaining part of the code.

Syntax for IF-THEN-ELSIF Statements:

THEN -executed only if the condition returns TRUE < ELSE —optional END if;

If condition1 is not satisfied, then the controller will check for condition2.

The controller will exit from the IF-statement in the following two cases.

When none of the conditions satisfied, the then controller will execute ELSE block if present, then will exit from the IF-statement.

Note: Whenever condition evaluates to ‘NULL’, then SQL will treat ‘NULL’ as ‘FALSE’.

Example 1: Without ELSE block

DECLARE mark NUMBER :=55; BEGIN dbms_output.put_line(‘Program started.’ ); dbms_output.put_line(‘Grade A’); dbms_output.put_line(‘Grade B'); dbms_output.put_line(‘Grade C’); END IF; dbms_output.put_line(‘Program completed.’); END; /

Code Explanation:

Code line 2: Declaring the variable ‘mark’ as ‘NUMBER’ data type and initializing it with value ’55’.

Code line 4: Printing the statement “Program started”.

Code line 5: Checking the condition1, whether ‘mark’ is greater or equal 70.

Code line12: Printing the statement “Program completed”.

Code Output:

Program started. Grade B Program completed.

Example 2: With ELSE block

DECLARE mark NUMBER :=25; BEGIN dbms_output.put_line(‘Program started.’ ); dbms_output.put_line(‘Grade A’); dbms_output.put_line(‘Grade B'); dbms_output.put_line(‘Grade C); ELSE dbms_output.put_line(‘No Grade’); END IF; dbms_output.put_line(‘Program completed.' ); END; /

Code Explanation:

Code line 2: Declaring the variable ‘mark’ as ‘NUMBER’ data type and initializing it with value ’25’.

Code line 4: Printing the statement “Program started”.

Code line 5: Checking the condition 1, whether ‘mark’ is greater or equal 70.

Code line 11: Since all the conditions are failed, control will now check for the presence of ELSE block, and it will print the message ‘No Grade’ from ELSE block.

Code line14: Printing the statement “Program completed”.

Code Output:

Program started. No Grade Program completed. NESTED-IF Statement

The ‘IF’ statement will consider the nearest ‘END IF’ statement as an endpoint for that particular condition.

The pictorial representation for NESTED-IF is shown below diagram.

THEN —executed only if the condition returns TRUE THEN END IF; —END IF corresponds to condition2 END IF; —END IF corresponds to condition1

Syntax Explanation:

In the above syntax, the outer IF contains one more IF statement in its action block.

Here we are going to see an example of Nested If –

Example of Nested- If Statement: Greatest of three number

In this example, we are going to print the greatest of three numbers by using Nested-If statement. The numbers will be assigned in the declare part, as you can see in the code below, i.e Number= 10,15 and 20 and the maximum number will be fetched using nested-if statements.

DECLARE a NUMBER :=10; b NUMBER :=15; c NUMBER :=20; BEGIN dbms_output.put_line(‘Program started.' ); /*Nested-if l */ dbms_output.put_line(’Checking Nested-IF 1'); dbms_output.put_line(‘A is greatest’); ELSE dbms_output.put_line(‘C is greatest’); END IF; ELSE /*Nested-if2 */ dbms_output.put_line('Checking Nested-IF 2' ); dbms_output.put_line(’B is greatest' ); ELSE dbms_output.put_line(’C is greatest' ); END IF; END IF; dbms_output.put_line(‘Program completed.’ ); END; /

Code Explanation:

Code line 2: Declaring the variable ‘a’ as ‘NUMBER’ data type and initializing it with value ’10’.

Code line 3: Declaring the variable ‘b’ as ‘NUMBER’ data type and initializing it with value ’15’.

Code line 4: Declaring the variable ‘c’ as ‘NUMBER’ data type and initializing it with value ’20’.

Code line 6: Printing the statement “Program started” (line 6).

Code line 7: Checking the condition1, whether ‘a’ is greater than ‘b’ (line 7).

Code line 10: If ‘a’ is greater than ‘b, then condition in ‘nested-if 1’ will check if ‘a’ is greater than ‘c'(line 10).

Code line 13: If still ‘a’ is greater, then message ‘A is greatest’ will be printed (line 11). Else if condition2 fails, then ‘C is greatest’ will be printed (line 13).

Code line 18: In case condition1 returns false, then condition in ‘nested-if 2’ will check if ‘b’ is greater than ‘c'(line 18).

Code line 21: If ‘b’ is greater than ‘c’ , then message ‘B is greatest’ will be printed (line 19), else if condition2 fails, then ‘C is greatest’ will be printed (line 21).

Code line 24: Printing the statement “Program completed” (line 24).

Output of code:

Program started. Checking Nested-IF 2 C is greatest Program completed. Summary

In this chapter, we have learned the different decision-making statements and their syntax and examples. Below table gives the summary of various conditional statements that we have discussed.

TYPE DESCRIPTION USAGE

IF-THEN Checks for a Boolean condition, if TRUE code in ‘THEN’ block will be executed. To skip,/execute a particular code based on the condition.

IF-THEN-ELSE Checks for a Boolean condition, if TRUE code in ‘THEN’ block will be executed, if false code in ‘ELSE’ block is executed. Most appropriate in ‘THIS-OR-THAT’ condition.

IF-THEN-ELSIF Checks for a Boolean condition in sequential order. The first block in the sequence which returns TRUE condition will be executed. If none of the conditions in the sequence is TRUE, then code in ‘ELSE’ block is executed. Used to choose from more than two alternatives mostly.

NESTED-IF Allows one or more IF-THEN or IF-THEN-ELSIF statement inside another IF-THEN or IF-THEN-ELSIF statement(s). Mainly used in nested condition situation.

The Return Statement In Python

The return statement in python is an extremely useful statement used to return the flow of program from the function to the function caller. The keyword return is used to write the return statement.

Since everything in python is an object the return value can be any object such as – numeric (int, float, double) or collections (list, tuple, dictionary) or user defined functions and classes or packages.

The return statement has the following features –

Return statement cannot be used outside the function.

Any code written after return statement is called dead code as it will never be executed.

Return statement can pass any value implicitly or explicitly, if no value is given then None is returned.

Syntax

Following is the syntax of return statement in python –

def some_function(parameters): print(some_function) Example

Following is the simple example of return statement –

def welcome(str): return str + " from TutorialsPoint" print(welcome("Good morning")) Output

Following is an output of the above code –

Good morning from TutorialsPoint

The return statement is useful in multiple ways and the below sections discuss the different use case of return statement along with examples.

Use of return statement in Python

Functions are core of any programming language as they allow for code modularity thereby reducing program complexity. Functions can display the result within itself, but it makes the program complex, hence it is best to pass the result from all the functions to a common place.

It is in this scenario that the return statement is useful as it terminates the currently executing function and passes control of the program to the statement that invoked the function.

Example

In the below code the sum_fibonacci function is used to calculate the sum of the first 15 terms in the fibonacci series. After calculating the sum, it prints and returns the sum to the sum_result variable. This is to show that printing inside the function and returning the value give the same output.

# Defining function to calculate sum of Fibonacci series def sum_fibonacci(terms): first_term = 0 second_term = 1 sum_series = 0 # Finding the sum of first 15 terms of Fibonacci series for i in range(0, terms): sum_series = sum_series + first_term next_term = first_term + second_term first_term = second_term second_term = next_term # Printing the sum inside the function print("Sum of Fibonacci series inside the function is = {}".format(sum_series)) # Returning the sum using return statement return sum_series # Invoking the sum_fibonacci function sum_result = sum_fibonacci(15) print("Sum of Fibonacci series outside the function is = {}".format(sum_result)) Output

The output shows that the sum from inside the function using print statement and the sum from outside the function using return statement is equal.

Sum of Fibonacci series inside the function is = 986 Sum of Fibonacci series outside the function is = 986 Returning a function using return statement

In python, functions are first class objects which means that they can be stored in a variable or can be passed as an argument to another function. Since functions are objects, return statement can be used to return a function as a value from another function. Functions that return a function or take a function as an argument are called higher-order functions.

Example

In this example, finding_sum function contains another function – add inside it. The finding_sum function is called first and receives the first number as the parameter. The add function receives the second number as parameter and returns the sum of the two numbers to finding_sum function. The finding_sum function then returns the add function as a value to sum variable.

# Defining function to return sum of two numbers # Function to get the first number def finding_sum(num1): # Function to get the second number def add(num2): return num1 + num2 # return sum of numbers to add function return add # return value present in add function to finding_sum function sum = finding_sum(5) print("The sum of the two numbers is: {}".format(sum(10))) Output

The output of the program gives the sum of the two numbers – 5 and 10.

The sum of the two numbers is: 15 Returning None using return statement

Functions in python always return a value, even if the return statement is not written explicitly. Hence, python does not have procedures, which in other programming languages are functions without a return statement. If a return statement does not return a result or is omitted from a function, then python will implicitly return default value of None.

Explicit calling of return None should only be considered if the program contains multiple return statement to let other programmers know the termination point of the function.

Example

The program below gives a perfect illustration of using return None. In this program the check_prime() function is used to check if a list contains any prime numbers. If the list contains prime numbers, then all the prime numbers present in the list are printed. However, if there are no prime numbers in the list then None is returned, since this program contains multiple return statements, hence None is called explicitly.

def check_prime(list): prime_list = [] for i in list: counter = 0 for j in range(1, i): if i % j == 0: counter = counter + 1 if counter == 1: prime_list.append(i) if len(prime_list): return prime_list else: return None list = [4, 6, 8, 10, 12] print("The prime numbers in the list are: {}".format(check_prime(list))) Output

The output prints None since there are no prime numbers in the list.

The prime numbers in the list are: [4] Returning multiple values using return statement

The return statement in python can also be used to return multiple values from a single function using a ‘,’ to separate the values. This feature can be especially useful when multiple calculations need to be performed on the same dataset without changing the original dataset. The result from the return statement is a tuple of the values.

Example

In this example the built-in functions of the statistics library are used to compute the mean, median and mode which are returned using a single return statement showing how multiple values can be returned from a function.

import statistics as stat # Defining function to perform different statistical calculations def finding_stats(data): return stat.mean(data), stat.median(data), stat.mode(data) # returning multiple values list_numbers = [5, 7, 13, 17, 17, 19, 33, 47, 83, 89] print("The mean, median and mode of the data is: {}".format(finding_stats(list_numbers))) Output

The output gives the mean, median and mode of the dataset with type as tuple.

The mean, median and mode of the data is: (33, 18.0, 17)

Understanding The Concept Of Git Index

Introduction to Git Index

GIT is one of the most commonly used distributed version controller DVCS among the programmers because of its dynamic nature and vast tool availability to handle the versions. It is known to be the first-ever feature to be added to Git. Index as the name suggests, like any contents of a book, it also maintains the staged changes or we can say indexes the changes that are sent to stage using git add.

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In git DVCS we have the source code on the server which acts as a central repository but along with that, we have it as a local copy or we can call as a local repository on working machines. So even if there is a failure at the server level we can mirror back the local working copy to the server when it is restored. So basically when we work on a branch, commit our changes, it will send the changes to the local repo. We need to use PUSH to send the changes to the server repo. GIT Index is something that comes in between local repo and working directory and it is the one that decides what needs to be sent to the local repo and in fact, it decides what needs to be sent to the central repo.

Detailed Explanation of GIT Index

Please refer below pic to get a more detailed idea.

Here repository in the sense local repo or local copy. From the above pic below are the inferences:

when we start working on an existing file or create and add a new file and save them then git tracks them and mark them as untracked files. We can clearly see them in the below screenshot. I have totally four files in test_git_tools branch and if I give git status the I can see all the files have been modified state.

If you observe the above screenshot it presents us with two options as shown So, in fact, our git is suggesting that it had tracked the changes in the working directory but it is up to us whether we want to strongly track it by sending it to the staging area by using “git add -u” or discard the changes and leave the tracking by using “git checkout”.

Once we add the file to the staging area than when we apply to commit then the changes that are staged will only go to the local repo. Unstaged changes remain.

Once we have added the content to local repo then we can PUSH to submit the changes to server repo.

Above the sample screenshot which shows that there were two files that were indexed and they were committed. Remaining two files were tracked but unstaged so did not commit. But why do we require staging or indexing? Cant, we just directly send the unstaged changes to local repo?

Yes, we can bypass staging and directly commit our unstaged files to repo but doing like this will actually distort the purpose of a version control system. This may be feasible in small projects or enhancing projects but in a fresh project doing like this can cause cumbersome.

Indexing is one of the most critical stages in the development of a project. When we try to develop a project we basically prepare an algorithm on the coding module and prepare a draft code where we are uncertain about some aspects and needs further evaluation. Also, you may decide to add some extra features, or we may add certain optimizations, etc. In these cases, we don’t want to completely discard the thing we developed. By indexing the developed code we can always track the difference between staged file and unstaged same file and clearly get more ideas on different versions. Let us look at this in the below screenshots. From the above screenshot, we can see all the red marked files are untracked. I will add the file to staging which turns the color indicator to green as shown below.

Now i will add one movie name to the staged file forien_movie_list file and perform git status. It looks like as below:

we can see that we have twp versions of the file orien_movie_list one indexed and other untacked. We have a very useful indexing tool called difftool with which we can track the changes to both versions of the file by configuring it with your git.

Now lets the programmers decided that he does not want to keep the new change and doesn’t want it to be staged. Then instead of git add command he can use checkout to discard the unstaged change.

You can clearly see from above the red modified file has been discarded. This you can validate by looking at the content of the file as well.

You can see from above that the files we indexed (in green) have been added again to the unstaged area. Here I have used HEAD with reset the command which says that the latest content that was added to the staging area to be reset (here I have used four files earlier to index, so they were unchanged (red)).

There is also an ls-files option available with git which will list the files in the index. In index basically, full tree and blob information will be available. So when you add something to the stage then it starts closely monitoring that file. We can see this with –debug command along with ls-files. In the below screenshot, we can see that we have two files in the staging area and two files as unstaged. Now when I gave git ls-files -s it will give all the available blob (four files) inside the tree as shown below. But we have added only two files to the staging area and two can use –debug to validate this.

we can see from the below screenshot which files have been staged by the value of ctime,mtime, dev, etc.

Git Index is the most important area when we deal with Git DVCS. There are plenty of commands and tools available of which I have used some in this article to play with indexing and for a serious developer this nothing short of the boom.

Python Check If File Exists

Introduction to Python Check if File Exists

In Python Check, if File Exists, there are some built-in functions to determine whether the file exists. It is important to check if the file exists before uploading any data on the disk or to avoid overwriting the existing file. Unfortunately, there are few built-in functions in the Python standard library. Therefore, one of the simplest ways to check whether a file exists is to try to open the file, as this does not require any built-in modules or standard library.

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How to Check if File Exists in Python?

os. path.exists()

os. path.isfile()

In Python, these two methods are common ways to check file existence. The methods exist(), and isfile() are from the os. path module in the Python standard library. So before using it, we have to import this module to use in our codes. This module is available in both Python 2 and 3 versions. So usually, both these methods check if the file exists or not and return the result in either true if the file exists or false if the file does not exist. Let us consider an example:

Example #1

Let us check with the os. path.isfile() method:

Code:

import os.path f1 = open('Text.txt', 'w') f1.write("Educba Training") f1.close() if os.path.isfile('Text.txt'): print ("File exist") f2 =open('Text.txt','r') print(f2.read()) f2.close() else: print ("File not exist")

Output:

Example #2

If the file does not exist, then it will have:

Code:

import os.path if os.path.isfile('Text.txt'): print ("File exist") else: print ("File does not exist")

Output:

os. path. Exists () method also works the same as the isfile() method in the above code. However, instead of isfile(), you can use exists() method as its results are the same as the above code returns. So these two methods only check if files exist, but not if the program has access. So similarly, you can use these even to check if directories exist or not using exists() and isdir() methods.

Another option is to use the most common built-in method, the open() function with try and except block. Usually, the method open() itself describes as it can open a file it can be a new file. Still, if an open file exists, it may give an error saying no such file or directory for writing to the file.

Example #3

Code:

open('Text.txt')

So to avoid this, we used to raise the exception to handle such errors. We can use this to raise the FileNotFoundError exception that can be handled or IOError. So in the above code, we have got IOError which can be handled by the try and except block as shown below to check or to say that file does not exist. In this option, it is only used to handle the error when the file does not exist; otherwise, if the file exists, it will not give any such error. So this attempt is to check the file for both readable and accessible, which allows you to check for the existence of the file and is also accessible simultaneously.

Example #4

Code:

try: f = open('Text.txt') f.close() except IOError: print('File does not exist')

Output:

pathlib.path.exists(): This is another option to check if the file exists or not; this method is available in Python 3.4 and above versions only. This method deals with file system paths that provide an object-oriented interface. So this is another Python standard library that again has exists() and is_file() method in this module, which provides an abstraction for many file system operations. This module includes these two helper functions for existence checks and is used to find whether a path points to a file or a directory. So if you want to check if the path points to a file, we have to use path.exists(), and if we want to check if the path is the file or symbolic link instead of the directory, we have to use the path.is_file() method. So we can say this option is similar to the first option for checking the file using the os. path module of the Python standard library.

Example #5

Let us consider an example:

import pathlib file = pathlib.Path("Text1.txt") if file.exists (): print ("File exist") else: print ("File does not exist")

Output:

Example #6

If the file exists, then we can check in the following code:

Code:

import pathlib f1 = open('Text1.txt', 'w') f1.write("Educba Training") f1.close() file = pathlib.Path("Text1.txt") if file.exists (): print ("File exist") f2 =open('Text1.txt','r') print("File contains:",f2.read()) f2.close() else: print ("File does not exist")

Output:

Similarly we can use is_file() function can be used instead of exists() function in the above code. As this option and the first option are the same, this option is better as it provides a cleaner object-oriented interface for working with the file system. We can make file handling code more readable and more maintainable in this option. Another difference is that the pathlib module is available for Python 3.4 and above versions, whereas the os. Path module is available for Python 2 versions.

Conclusion

So the above article describes the different ways of checking the file’s existence. So checking the file existence is important because whenever we want to upload ay content to the file and if the file does not exist, then it gives an error which can be handled using the second option in the above article, that is to handle IOError; otherwise, sometimes it is really necessary to check the file existence as to avoid overwriting to the file contents. So to check if the file exists, the simplest way is to use the open() function as we did in the above article, other modules, or standard libraries like os. Path and pathlib. The path is used in Python, which both have to exist () and isfile() helper functions in this module for file check existence.

Understanding Sap In Digital Marketing

Due to the rapid emergence and evolution of technology, organizations have had to adapt to manage their massive lists of potential customers and develop effective marketing strategies. One of the most common factors that executives have to consider is the need to develop effective marketing programs. With the help of SAP, they can now create and implement marketing plans that are designed to meet the needs of their marketing departments.

The term SAP comes from the process that marketing departments use to increase sales. It involves using various systems and processes to create a dynamic customer profile and then selling more products. The company’s CRM system uses AI to analyze and learn about potential customers. It also stores and segments data to help marketing departments identify and target their ideal customers. The goal of the software system is to help businesses develop a stronger brand and deliver a personalized experience.

What are SAP marketing uses?

Through SAP, we identify which customers are either information seekers or serious shoppers depending on their needs. It then uses various tactics to reach these buyers. For instance, if a customer is looking to lose weight, but they have a lot of urgency around finding a solution that will help them achieve their goals, then the latter might be in the same funnel but is more likely to get messages that are focused on urgency.

One of the main goals of marketing departments is to create campaigns that drive sales. They can do this by engaging with their target audiences and converting those into buyers. Since most campaigns have multiple channels, SAP collects and manages data from various sources.

How to improve your company’s performance in SAP with marketing? Building better marketing campaigns

The marketing department spends a lot of time researching the target customer. This process helps them identify the ideal customer and develop a strategy to meet their needs. However, this is not enough for a larger pool of potential buyers. They need more education and hand-holding to understand the company’s offerings.

Generating website traffic

One of the most critical factors in marketing is traffic. With SAP, you can easily manage your product inventory and sales, as well as collect data about your audience.

Getting people to visit your site is very important, but it’s also very hard to do so if they’re not actively engaged in the process. That’s why it’s important that you have marketing efforts that can help boost site traffic. Through the use of SAP, you can easily collect valuable data about your visitors, which will allow you to improve the way that your company operates.

One of the most desirable companies to work with is SAP. Its culture and ethics are some of the reasons why many people prefer to work for the company for a long time. It has been observed that the company’s retention rate is very high compared to other firms. Its reputation and brand value are also some of the factors that help it make promotions. One of the most effective ways to promote the company is through word of mouth. They reach out to various organizations across the world and hire people who work with them.

Conclusion

The new hub for SAP’s channel marketing division provides the company with a comprehensive view of its partners’ activities, including who’s visiting the platform, what materials are being viewed, and how they are being used. It also eliminates the need for manual reporting and allows them to easily customize reports.

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