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Definition of C++ FormatterStart Your Free Software Development Course
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Need of C++ Formatters in Source CodeLet us understand the need for C++ formatters with the help of an example:
Code:
using namespace std; intmain() { int num1, num2, add; cout<< “Enter the first integer”; cout<< “Enter the second integer”; add = num1 + num2; cout<< “The result is ” <<add ; return 0; }
The above code is the simple addition of 2 integer numbers. But how it is written makes it very uneasy or difficult to understand. There is a need for proper indentation and required spaces in the code. Code after ‘{‘ should be written and should be indented properly to show that the required block of code is a part of it. It should be formatted as given below:
using namespace std; intmain() { int num1, num2, add; cout<< “Enter the first integer”; cout<< “Enter the second integer”; add = num1 + num2; cout<< “The result is ” << add; return 0; }
Types of C++ FormattersThere are a lot of formatters / beautifiers available in the market. Let us understand some of the commonly used formatters in detail:
1. Clang-FormatClang format is one of the most popular open-source formatters used to format C, C++, and Objective C source code. It automatically formats the C++ code and helps better understand the code. To format the source code automatically according to Electron C++, we need to run the following command:
clang-format -i file_path.ccUsers can also perform the formatting of code according to the specific requirements (other than the one available by default) by inserting the style in ‘.clang-format’ file or using the option -style = “{key:value, ….}”.
2. PrettyPrinter 3. JindentIt automatically indents the code according to the syntax and correct coding conventions, which helps in finding the bugs in the code and saves time. One of the cool features of Jindent is that it provides a plugin for almost all popular IDEs like Visual Studio, Eclipse, Netbeans, etc so that it can be used easily by the programmers/ testers working on them. It allows its invocation from the shell scripts. Jindent provides support for all the Operating systems is it Windows, Mac, or Linux. Jindent is very user-friendly as it provides the GUI so that the user can perform actions like formatting settings, changing the environment variables, etc, very easily.
4. HighlighterIt is very user-friendly and hence pretty simple to use. Users must copy the source code in the desired text field, choose the C++ language, and Style dropdown to have the required formatting. It provides other interesting features as well as one can also choose to see the line numbers on the left side of the code and can directly insert the source code in the HTML page without adding any external CSS and JavaScript file to it.
Conclusion – C++ FormatterThe above description clearly explains the various formatters/beautifiers available in the market used to format the source code of C++ programs. Proper formatting and indentation are a must while working on real-time projects as it helps in a clear understanding of code and finding the bugs and hidden errors easily, especially the syntactical ones. It helps the maintenance team also to maintain the code properly and proceed further accordingly.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to C++ Formatter. Here we also discuss the definition and need for C++ formatters, along with various types and examples. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
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Overview Of Aws Database And Its Types
The term database alludes to an assortment of information that is usually coordinated and organized as tables or assortments. These tables or assortments can have various qualities characterized in the sections or archives, and we need to set the qualities against these properties in the lines or key-value pairs. An information base is outfitted with a database management system (DBMS), essentially a foundation programming application liable for overseeing tasks over the information inside a data set. Utilizing DBMS, you can play out all CRUD (create, read, update, delete) procedures on your database.
AWS DatabaseAmazon Web Services give a wide variety of database answers for its clients. Contingent on the idea of the information and the expense limitations of the client, these different data set types serve all clients likewise. AWS is a bunch of cloud administrations given by Amazon, which likewise gives different information bases as a component of its administration suite. These databases permit clients to assemble use-case-explicit information models, including a social diagram, wide-segment, etc. AWS deals with these data sets, liberating clients from undertakings, such as server provisioning, fixing, and reinforcement, which are inconceivably tedious.
Types of AWS Databases Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB)Amazon QLDB is a serverless data set that gives programmed versatility, is not difficult to set up, and incorporates checking capacity. Quantum record information bases are renowned for giving permanence, straightforwardness, certain exchange logs, and history. The utilization cases can be banking exchanges, production network frameworks, enlistments, or anything requiring putting away history and logging records.
Amazon AuroraAurora is an AWS-claimed innovation that offers help for either MYSQL or PostgreSQL. It is costly compared with other RDS data sets yet gives better execution regarding accessibility, versatility, and read imitations. It can likewise give programmed monitoring facilities, backups, and instantaneous fail-over. In different capacities, you can utilize our Aurora serverless, Aurora multi-expert, and Aurora worldwide.
Amazon TimestreamIt is a time series-based database, which is planned and upgraded to store time series in key-esteem matches. It can follow all information properly aligned grouping, which is restricted in normal social data sets. It is completely serverless and simple to send without overseeing a complex foundation. It is explicitly intended for various IoT tasks to gather sensor information in cutting-edge IT frameworks. It is fit for taking care of an exceptionally huge number of solicitations daily.
Amazon RedshiftIt is a quick and completely overseen information stockroom administration in the cloud. Amazon affirms that the Redshift information warehouse centre conveys multiple times quicker execution than different information stockrooms using AI procedures. The Redshift information warehouse centre can be increased to a petabyte or more according to the prerequisites.
Amazon KeyspacesThis is a completely overseen and serverless database application for Apache Cassandra and makes it simple to send Apache Cassandra. It is a non-social data set with a wide-section mapping. It uses Cassandra Query Language (CQL) to perform the tasks of the data set. It additionally gives programmed scaling as per application traffic reaction. It is profoundly accessible, can handle countless demands, and guarantees security.
Amazon NeptuneThis is explicitly intended for the visual portrayal of information utilizing diagrams. You can run custom analyses on various datasets and show results on the dashboards as diagrams. The assistance gives multi-zone accessibility, read replication, encryption, reinforcement, and recovery. The utilization cases can be checking network security, investigating the consequences of an AI calculation, or some other performance matrix.
Amazon DocumentDBIt is a NoSQL database and has a reported pattern. It utilizes the JSON configuration to store information in the data set. It is completely viable with MongoDB. So if you have any application running with MongoDB, you can rapidly move it to AWS DocumentDB. It is a serverless contribution by AWS, so it can scale naturally, as required. The main highlights are understood copies, programmed fall flat over capacity, well-being checking, reinforcements, depictions, and information encryption.
Amazon RDSIt is an overseen database help given by AWS, and it isn’t itself a data set. All things being equal, it empowers you to run different social data sets as needed. The RDS will convey the data set, database security and accessibility, network, versatility, read copies, backup, and maintenance. It will keep your database financially effective.
Amazon ElastiCacheAmazon ElastiCache is a completely overseen reserving administration that offers superior execution and practical and versatile string arrangements. Amazon ElastiCache gives two storing motors, specifically, Memcached and Redis.
Response Time − ElastiCache diminishes the reaction time by recovering information from a quick in-memory framework. It diminishes the reliance on circle-based data sets, which are normally slower.
Scalability − Amazon ElastiCache is intended to have the option to adjust itself naturally, and it can scale out or increase contingent upon the fluctuating app prerequisites.
Complete Management − Amazon ElastiCache is completely made due, so the normal authoritative errands, for example, equipment provisioning, disappointment recuperation, reinforcements, and more, are robotized.
Amazon DynamoDBIt is a non-social or NoSQL data set, so it isn’t great to run joins and connections between tables given key-esteem matches. It is a completely serverless help by AWS, so you don’t need to stress over scope quantification and scaling, and it can deal with a huge number of solicitations. It additionally gives security, encryption, worldwide accessibility, reinforcement, and reserving skills.
ConclusionTypes Of Application Programming Interface (Api) And Their Security Vulnerabilities.
API is the acronym for Application Programming Interface, API is a set of defined rules that explain how computers or applications communicate with one another. APIs implemented between application and web server, acting as an intermediary layer that processes data transfer between systems.
Types of API’sThey are four main types of API’s
Open APIs− Open-source application programming interfaces Also known as Public API, there are no restrictions to access these types of APIs because they are publicly available.
Partner APIs− This API exposed to a particular person. A developer needs specific rights or licenses in order to access this type of API because they are not publicly available.
Partner APIs can been access by only authorized developers.
Internal APIs− Also known as Private APIs, This type of api’s will remain hidden from external users. Internal API’s are implemented for internal use within a company. Many orginasation uses this type of API among the different internal teams to improve its products and services.
Internal APIs can been access by only internal teams.
Composite APIs − This type of API uses to combines different data and service APIs. By using this services developers can access several endpoints in a single call. Its main uses are to speed up the process of execution and improve the performance of the end user at the web interfaces.
Composite APIs are used to combine multiple APIs.
Types of API Architectures and ProtocolsWe have three various types of APIs.
REST (Representational State Transfer) − REST is not a protocol like the other web services, It is a set of guidelines for scalable, lightweight, and easy-to-use APIs. A REST API will follows REST guidelines and is used for transferring data from a server to a requesting user.
Representational State Transfer is a collection of guidelines for lightweight, scalable web APIs.
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) − It is a protocol for transfering data across networks and can be used to build APIs. SOAP is standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and uses XML to encode data.
This makes SOAP APIs more secure than REST APIs, although the guidelines make them more code-heavy and harder to implement in for casual use. SOAP is used for internal data transfers that require high security.
SOAP is one of the stricter protocol for more secure APIs.
RPC (Remote Procedural Call)− It is used for communication between two computers. If a service running on one machine requests data from another. This is a API that helps you to call on any remote procedure and get results from it.
XML-RPC− It also known as extensible markup language in Remote Procedure Calls. This protocol uses a particular XML form to transfer data and is older and simpler than SOAP. A end user performs a RPC by transmitting an HTTP request to a server that develops XML-RPC and receives the HTTP as a response.
JSON-RPC− It is likely to XML-RPC in that they work the same way except this protocol uses JSON format instead of XML format.
Vulnerabilities in an APIVulnerability− A vulnerability is a loophole or error in a system or device’s code. It is exploited to compromise the CIA (confidentiality, integrity and availability) of data stored in the system through unauthorized access to cause denial of service or to theft the data.
List of owasp top 10 api of vulnerabilities
Broken Object Level Authorization
Broken object-level authorizations (BOLA) is also known as insecure direct object reference (IDOR). This issue occurs when the server does not properly verify if the currently authorized user or an unauthorized user is accessing data to read, update or delete an object to which they are not having the rights.
Broken User Authentication
Poor implementation of API authentication allows attackers to predict other users identities. In more general terms, broken user authentication occurs when an API having an authentication system but does not in working, or that the implemented authentication system fails in some cases, allowing attackers to project himself as an authenticated user.
Excessive Data Exposure
API should be limited to provide access for the data to the front-end clients but sometimes developers will make a mistake or take the some easy shortcut and develop the APIs that provide access for all data to the client. When these API’s provide access too more data then the user needs, we call it as a Excessive Data Exposure.
Lack of Resources & Rate Limiting
If the API is not protected against an excessive amount of requests or payload sizes. There will be a possiblility for an attackers to use this for Denial of Service (DoS) and authentication flaws like brute force attacks.
Broken Function Level Authorization
If the API provide access to the client to use user level or admin level APIs as appropriate. If attackers figure out the “hidden” admin API methods of admin access and access them directly.
Mass Assignment
If the API takes data from the client and stores it without proper filtering for whitelisted properties or guidelines. There is a possibility that attackers can try to predict object properties or add additional object parameters in their requests, to read the documentation, or check out weather the API endpoints for clues where to find the openings to modify parameter that they are not supposed to impact the data objects stored in the backend.
Security Misconfiguration
Lack of security configuration and providing access of the API servers to clients, which allows attackers to exploit the vulnerabilities to gain access into the server.
Injection
Improper Assets Management
Attackers find an un-updated versions of the API (for example, staging, testing, beta, or earlier versions) that are not well protected or secured as the production of API, and attacker use those to launch their attacks.
Insufficient Logging & Monitoring
Lack of proper monitoring of data and traffic of the network passing into the server and logging activities and alerting incase case of unauthorized access or activity will open doors for an attacker.
Top 5 Types Of Oracle Constraints
Introduction to Oracle Constraints
Oracle Constraints clause provides data integrity to the data that is being used by the application from the database by applying certain rules or conditions on a column of a database table which will define a very basic behavioral layer on the column of that particular table to check the sanctity of the data flowing into it like NOT NULL constraint on the column will not allow any data of that column to be NULL as it will not allow users to insert NULL data into the column.
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Types of Oracle ConstraintsOracle has multiple types of constraints for multiple purposes. In this section, we are going to go through the different types of constraints in Oracle.
1. NOT NULLIf we just add a column, by default the column is allowed to hold NULL values but in case there is a requirement that the column should not hold any NULL values. We can use NOT NULL constraint on that particular column. This will enforce the column to always have a value and it will not allow any NULL record to be added in the column. We will add NOT NULL constraint using both CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE constraint. We will create a table STUDENT with student_id, LastName and zfirstName columns having NOT NULL constraint.
Let us look at the query.
Query:
);
Let us now the query in SQL Developer and look at the result.
As you can see from the above screenshot we have successfully created the table with NOT NULL constraints. Let us now look at the ALTER statement query to add NOT NULL constraint to the age column of STUDENT TABLE.
Query:
desc STUDENT;
Let us now run the query in the SQL developer.
Output:
As we can see from the output the column AGE has now NOT NULL constraint added to it.
2. UNIQUEThis constraint in Oracle ensures that all the values of the column are different from each other and there are no duplicates. We will again use two examples to understand. First using the CREATE statement and then using ALTER statement. We will create a table STUDENT with student_id having UNIQUE constraint.
Let us look at the query using the CREATE TABLE statement.
Query:
);
Let us now run the above query in SQL developer.
Output:
As we can see UNIQUE constraint has been added to the columns of the table. Now let add a UNIQUE constraint to age column using ALTER TABLE statement.
Query:
ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD UNIQUE(age);
Let us run this query in SQL developer.
Output:
As we can see the table student has been successfully altered.
3. PRIMARY KEYPrimary key constraint uniquely describes each value of a column. No duplicates or NULL value is allowed. One important point is that a table can have only one primary key which in itself can be a combination of single or multiple fields.
We will first create a table ‘student’ with student_id as the primary key using the CREATE TABLE statement.
Query:
);
Output:
As we can see the Table STUDENT has been successfully created. Let us now add primary Key using the ALTER TABLE statement to student_id column after the STUDENT table has been created.
Query:
ADD PRIMARY KEY (student_id);
Let us now run the query in SQL developer and check the result.
Output:
As we can see the table STUDENT has been successfully altered.
4. FOREIGN KEY ConstraintsA foreign key is a field which refers to the PRIMARY KEY of another table and the table which actually has the foreign key is called child table. Let us now create a table order which we has student_id column as a foreign key refrencing student_id column of student table using CREATE TABLE statement.
Query:
);
Let us now run the query in SQL developer and look at the result.
Output:
As we can see the orders table has been successfully created. Now we will use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a foreign key to the student_id column of orders table.
Query:
Let us run the query in SQL developer and look at the result.
Output:
As we can see the table orders has been successfully altered.
5. CHECK ConstraintThe CHECK constraint is used to limit the value of the range that can be placed in a column. In case we want to restrict certain values in a column or a table we introduce the check constraint. We will introduce the CHECK constraint using both CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statement.
We are going to create a table student with age column having a check constraint.
Query:
);
Let us run the query in SQL developer and look at the result.
Output:
As we can see the table has been successfully created with the CHECK constraint. Let us now add CHECK constraint on the same column after the table student has been created using ALTER TABLE statement.
Query:
Let us now run the query in SQL developer and see the result.
Output:
As we can see the CHECK constraint has been added to the table.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Oracle Constraints. Here we discuss the definition of Constraints in Oracle database. We also discussed the various types that can be used in Oracle database along with examples. You can also go through our suggested articles to learn more –
Functions Of C# Startswith() With Examples
Introduction to C# StartsWith()
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Syntax:
The syntax of C# StartsWith() method is as follows:
public bool StartsWith(String string_name);where string_name is the name of the string which is matched for the beginning instance of the given string.
Working of C# StartsWith()Working of C# StartsWith() method is as follows:
Whenever there is a need to determine if the beginning of any string matches the beginning of the given string, we make use of the StartsWith() method in C#.
The StartsWith() method in C# is a string method that returns a Boolean value, which is either true or false.
The StartsWith() method returns true if the string matches the beginning instance of the given string.
The StartsWith() method returns false if the string matches the beginning instance of the given string.
Examples of C# StartsWith()Following are the examples as given below:
Example #1C# program to demonstrate the use of StartsWith() method to check if the beginning of any string matches the beginning of the given string:
using System; public class check { public static void Main(string[] args) { string string1 = "Welcome to C#"; bool bval1 = string1.StartsWith("Welcome"); bool bval2 = string1.StartsWith("w"); Console.WriteLine("The string Welcome matches the beginning instance of the given string Welcome to C#: {0}", bval1); Console.WriteLine("The string w matches the beginning instance of the given string Welcome to C#: {0}", bval2); } }Output:
In the above program, a class called check is defined. Then the main method is called within which a string variable is defined to store the string value which is checked to see if there is a match of beginning instance in this string with reference to the other string compared. Then StartsWith() method is used to check if there is a match to the beginning instance of the given string with reference to the other string passed as a parameter to it. The first string Welcome is checked against the given string Welcome to C# to find if there is a beginning instance in Welcome to C# matching the string Welcome and the output returned is True because Welcome is present in Welcome to C# whereas when w is checked against the given string Welcome to C# to find if there is a beginning instance in Welcome to C# matching the string w and the output returned is False because w is not present in Welcome to C#.
Example #2Example 2: C# program to demonstrate the use of StartsWith() method to check if the beginning of any string matches the beginning of the given string:
using System; public class check { public static void Main(string[] args) { string string1 = "Learning is fun"; bool bval1 = string1.StartsWith("l"); bool bval2 = string1.StartsWith("Learning"); Console.WriteLine("The string l matches the beginning instance of the given string Welcome to C#: {0}", bval1); Console.WriteLine("The string Learning matches the beginning instance of the given string Welcome to C#: {0}", bval2); } }Output:
In the above program, a class called check is defined. Then the main method is called within which a string variable is defined to store the string value which is checked to see if there is a match of beginning instance in this string with reference to the other string compared. Then StartsWith() method is used to check if there is a match to the beginning instance of the given string with reference to the other string passed as a parameter to it. The first string l is checked against the given string Learning if fun to find if there is a beginning instance in Learning is fun matching the string l and the output returned is False because l is not present in Learning is fun whereas when Learning is checked against the given string Learning is fun to find if there is a beginning instance in Learning is fun matching the string Learning and the output returned is True because Learning is present in Learning is fun.
The StartsWith() method is used to check the beginning instance of a given string with the reference to the other string considering the case of the letters as well.
The StartsWith() method can be used to check the beginning instance of a given string with reference to many strings at once by making use of for each loop.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to C# StartsWith(). Here we also discuss the introduction and working of c# startswith() along with different examples and its code implementation. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
Vba Variables, Data Types And Dim
VBA Variables, Data Types and Dim
Declaring variables using the various data types in VBA
Written by
CFI Team
Published August 8, 2023
Updated June 27, 2023
Declaring VBA Variables using DimThis guide breaks down VBA variables, Data Types, and Dim. Typically, the very first step after naming your macro is declaring your variables. Variables are names for different pieces of the data that the macro will be working with. However, this sometimes proves difficult since it’s hard to plan ahead how many variables will be used in the macro. Eventually, when the macro is written, the user may add or remove certain variables. This will become more apparent further into this guide to writing VBA macros.
The very top of each macro after the sub name is a section called the declarations. Here, the user lists and names all the different variables he or she will use, and declares their data types. This is done by using the “Dim” statement. The “Dim” statement is followed by the name of the variable, and sometimes the statement “as [datatype]”. For example, if we wanted to create a variable for a Stock Price, we could write “Dim stockPrice as double”. This creates a variable called the stockPrice, which takes on the data type double. A double data type is one of the data types that allows for decimals, as opposed to the integer data type.
It’s not necessary to always declare the data type. Sometimes, it’s sufficient to declare the name, and VBA can infer the data type when the variable is used in the code later on. However, it’s generally safer to declare the data type you expect to use.
Each declaration will take its own line. It’s helpful to group variables of the same data type together.
Variable Data TypesThere are quite a few VBA data types, but for the general purposes of financial modeling not all of them are used.
Below is a list of common VBA variables (known as data types) used in macros and their purposes:
Integer: Used to store number values that won’t take on decimal form.
Single: Used to store number values that may take on decimal form. Can also contain integers.
Double: A longer form of the single variable. Takes up more space, but needed for larger numbers.
Date: Stores date values.
String: Stores text. Can contain numbers, but will store them as a text (calculations cannot be performed on numbers stored as a string)
Boolean: Used to store binary results (True/False, 1/0)
Again, there are other data types, but these are the most commonly used for creating macros.
Storing a Value in a VariableAfter a variable has been created, storing a value in it is simple.
Variable name = Variable value
String variable name = “Variable value”
(When using strings, you have to surround the text in quotation marks. This is not true for number or binary values)
Each named variable can only hold one value at a time.
Example of Declaring Variable Data types with DimHere is a break down of how to use Dim in VBA:
Declaring a company name variable: “Dim companyName as String”
Setting the company name variable:
companyName = “Tesla”
companyName = “Wells Fargo”
companyName = “No company name is available”
Declaring a variable to store net income: “Dim netIncome as Single” (or Double, depending on the scale)
Setting the net income variable:
netIncome = -5,000
netIncome = 0
netIncome = 1,000,000.64
Declaring a binary variable to store growth: “Dim isGrowthPositive as Boolean”
Setting the growth variable:
isGrowthPositive = True
isGrowthPositive = False
isGrowthPositive = 1 (same as True)
As you can see in the above example, these variables (and some extra variables to show grouping best practices) have been declared. Values have also been stored in the main variables. However, if this macro were to be run, it would simply store these values in the variables, and not use them in any way. To continue learning how to use variables, you need to know the VBA methods available to each one.
Additional ResourcesThank you for reading CFI’s guide to VBA variables, Data Types, and Dim. To keep learning and progressing your Excel skills we highly recommend these additional CFI resources:
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