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IntroductionSometimes, it may be necessary to split a large file into smaller chunks for easier manipulation or for transfer to other systems. In Linux, the split command can be used to split a file into smaller files based on a specified number of lines.
How to Use the Split Command?To split a file based on the number of lines, use the following syntax –
$ split -l lines file output_prefix
-l lines − Specifies the number of lines for each output file.
file − The input file that you want to split.
output_prefix − The prefix for the output files. The output files will be named output_prefixaa, output_prefixab, output_prefixac, and so on.
For example, to split the file chúng tôi into chunks of 1000 lines each, with the output files having the prefix splitfile, use the following command
$ split -l 1000 chúng tôi splitfileThis will create the following files: splitfileaa, splitfileab, splitfileac, and so on.
Examples of splitting filesHere are some examples of using the split command to split a file at specific line numbers
Split a File into Chunks of 1000 Lines EachTo split the file chúng tôi into chunks of 1000 lines each, with the output files having the prefix splitfile, use the following command
$ split -l 1000 chúng tôi splitfileThis will create the following files − splitfileaa, splitfileab, splitfileac, and so on.
Split a File into Chunks of 500 Lines Each, Starting at Line 100To split the file chúng tôi into chunks of 500 lines each, starting at line 100, with the output files having the prefix splitfile, use the following command
$ split -l 500 -d chúng tôi splitfile 100This will create the following files − splitfile00, splitfile01, splitfile02, and so on.
Split a File into using Numeric SuffixesTo split the file chúng tôi into chunks of 100 lines each, starting at line 1000, with the output files having the prefix splitfile and numeric suffixes, use the following command
$ split -l 100 -d chúng tôi splitfile 1000This will create the following files − splitfile000, splitfile001, splitfile002, and so on.
Split a File into Chunks using a Different SuffixTo split the file chúng tôi into chunks of 2000 lines each, with the output files having the prefix splitfile and the suffix .txt, use the following command
$ split -l 2000 --suffix-length=4 chúng tôi splitfileThis will create the following files − splitfile0000.txt, chúng tôi splitfile0002.txt, and so on.
Split a File into Chunks and specify the Output DirectoryTo split the file chúng tôi into chunks of 1000 lines each, with the output files having the prefix splitfile and stored in the output directory, use the following command
$ split -l 1000 chúng tôi output/splitfileThis will create the following files in the output directory − splitfileaa, splitfileab, splitfileac, and so on.
Split a File into Chunks of 500 Lines Each, and Store the Line Numbers in the Output FilenamesTo split the file chúng tôi into chunks of 500 lines each, with the line numbers included in the output filenames, use the following command
$ split -l 500 --additional-suffix=.txt chúng tôi splitfileThis will create the following files: chúng tôi chúng tôi chúng tôi and so on. The line numbers will be included in the suffix, separated by a period. For example, chúng tôi will contain lines 1-500, chúng tôi will contain lines 501-1000, and so on.
Alternative CommandsThere are a few other commands that can be used to split a file in Linux, although they may not have all the options and functionality of the split command. Some alternatives to the split command include
awk − The awk command is a powerful text-processing tool that can be used to
sed − The sed command is a text-processing tool that can be used to perform
ConclusionOverall, the split command is a useful utility for splitting a large file into smaller chunks based on a specified number of lines in Linux. It is a convenient tool for cases where you need to manipulate or transfer large files more easily. The split command has several options that allow you to customize the output files, including specifying the prefix, suffix, nd starting line number.
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Java Program To Read A Large Text File Line By Line
This article includes the way to read text files line by line. Here, the three different methods are explained with examples. Storing a file in text format is important especially when data from one structured /unstructured form is transferred to another form. Therefore, basic file transfer systems integrate the txt file reading and writing process as their application components. Therefore, how to use text file reading and writing methods is also important for making the parsers.
Multiple ApproachesThe given problem statement is solved in three different approaches
By using the BufferedReader class
By using the FileInputStream
By using the FileReader
Let’s see the program along with its output sequentially.
Note − These programs will not give the expected result on any online Java compiler. As online editors will not access your local system’s file path.
Approach 1:- By using the BufferedReaderIn this approach, the buffer is provided by the BufferedReader into the FileReader. Its performance is effective as it uses larger block reading rather than a single character reading at a time.
Algorithm
Step 1 − Specify the file to be read.
Step 2 − Read the file lines as per distinct approaches that means the file is read as a block.
Step 3 − Print the lines read from the file on the display/screen.
Explanation Example (Approach 1) import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.FileReader; import java.io.IOException; public class Read { public static void main(String[] args) { BufferedReader b_reader; try { b_reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("sample.txt")); String ln = b_reader.readLine(); while (ln != null) { System.out.println(ln); ln = b_reader.readLine(); } b_reader.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } OutputBlock1 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 100 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 101 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 102 ….. This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 277 Block2 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 100 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 101 …. This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 277 Block3 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 100 … This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 277
The Sample File used contains 3 Blocks of Lines with 177 lines in each block
Approach 2:- By using the FileInputStreamJava Applications can use FileInputStream to read data from the text files. In this approach, the file content is read as a bytes stream.
Algorithm
Step 1 − Specify the file to be read.
Step 2 − Retrieve the file lines and the file is read as a bytes.
Step 3 − Display the lines read from the file on the screen.
Explanation
InputStream is the superclass of FileInputStream.
The FileInputStream class supports three constructors. Using these constructors FileInputStream instances are created. A constructor accepts the String as a parameter and the other constructor accepts the file object as a parameter.
Example (Approach 2) import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.InputStream; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; public class Read2 { public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException{ String path = "C:javajavaprgstufilehandlingFile Handling TutorialCode1_ReadFilessample.txt"; InputStream ins = new FileInputStream(path); try (Scanner scn = new Scanner( ins, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name())) { while (scn.hasNextLine()) { System.out.println(scn.nextLine()); } } } } OutputBlock1 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 100 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 101 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 102 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 103 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 104 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 105 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 106 ……………………………………
The Sample File used contains 3 Blocks of Lines with 177 lines in each block
Approach 3:- By using the FileReader.Java Applications can use FileReader to read data from the text files. In this case, the content of the file is read as a stream of characters.
Algorithm
Step 1 − Set path of the file.
Step 2 − Read the file lines and the file is read as a characters.
Step 3 − Display the lines read from the file on the display/screen.
ExplanationThe reader is the superclass of FileReader and the superclass of Reader class is the Object class. Specify the proper path of the file to read the large text.
Example (Approach 3) import java.io.File; import java.io.FileReader; import java.io.IOException; public class Read3{ public static void main(String[] args){ File fileone = new File("sample.txt"); try (FileReader frd = new FileReader(fileone)){ int content1; while ((content1 = frd.read()) != -1) { System.out.print((char) content1); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } OutputBlock1 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 100 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 101 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 102 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 103 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 104 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 105 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 106 This is an experimental file. Inserting the line 107 ……………………………………….
The Sample File used contains 3 Blocks of Lines with 177 lines in each block
ConclusionHow To Split The Screen On A Mac
Mac screens get smaller and smaller, but that doesn’t mean that the software you’re using does. If you’re struggling with screen real estate on your Mac, you’ll need to look at ways to use the space more effectively. A good way to do this is by using macOS’ built-in features for split screens to see and use multiple windows at once.
You can split your screen in half, with two windows on the left or right. There are also third-party tools for split screens like Moom you can use instead, which allow you how to split the screen on a Mac into quadrants, using each of the four corners. Here’s how to split screen on Mac devices using these tools.
Table of Contents
How To Split Screen On Mac DevicesIf you’re using macOS, you’ll already be familiar with the round, colored window control buttons in the top-left corner of any open window. The red, circular button closes a window and the yellow, circular button minimizes it. The green button, however, is used for manipulating your window while it’s currently active.
By default, windows using the split view feature will share the screen equally. You can change this once the windows are in place by using your keyboard or trackpad to press and hold the black bar in the middle of the screen, then moving the bar left or right to resize your windows accordingly.
You can only use macOS’ built-in split view feature to see two windows, side by side, and they will enter full-screen mode by default. If you’d prefer not to use full screen, leaving your Dock and menu bar visible, you can resize the windows into a similar position.
To do this, hover over the green window button in the top-left while holding down the option key on your Mac keyboard. The icon you’ll see while hovering over the green window button will change from two arrows to a plus symbol.
Resizing Windows Using Moom On macOSIf you want to use a split view mode on macOS that allows you to resize more than two windows at the same time, you’ll need to consider using third-party window management software. Several free and paid options are available, but we recommend using Moom. A free trial of the software is available to try it out on your Mac before you subscribe.
If you have any problems using Moom after enabling accessibility access, restart your Mac, then relaunch Moom after restarting.
Once Moom is running, hover over your green window button in the top-left of an open window. The default macOS drop-down menu will be replaced with Moom’s own, with different icons showing different display modes. The icons with a gray block on the left or right will resize your window to take up the left or right of your screen.
You also have options to resize your windows to take up the top or bottom of your screen, splitting your display in the middle horizontally. Press the icons with a gray block at the top or bottom to resize your window to take up the top or bottom of your screen instead.
Moom also allows you to split your screen on your Mac into quadrants, resizing windows and placing them in the top and bottom corners on both the left and the right. Press and hold the option key to view these options, then hover over the green window button. Press any of the shown icons in the Moom drop-down menu to resize your windows accordingly.
Maximizing Your Screen Real Estate On macOSWhether you use the built-in split-view mode or you decide to use a third-party app like Moom to control your windows, you should try to make full use of your screen real estate on macOS. Knowing how to do split-screen on Mac devices can only get you so far, however—you may decide one display just isn’t enough.
How To Check Whether A Number Is A Unique Number Or Not In Java?
Unique number can be defined as a number which does not have a single repeated digit in it. Simply it means all the digits of that number are unique digits, no duplicate digits are there in that number.
In this article we will see how to check whether a number is a unique number or not by using Java programming language.
To show you some instances Instance-1Input number is 145
Let’s check it by using the logic of unique number −
The digits are 1, 4, 5, all are unique digits.Hence, 145 is a unique number.
Instance-2Input number is 37
Let’s check it by using the logic of unique number −
The digits are 3, 7, all are unique digits.Hence, 37 is a unique number.
Instance-3Input number is 377
Let’s check it by using the logic of unique number −
The digits are 3, 7, 7 all are not unique digits.Hence, 377 is not a unique number.
Some other examples of unique numbers include 132, 1, 45, 98, 701, 5, 12, 1234 etc.
Algorithm Algorithm 1
Step 1 − Get an integer number either by initialization or by user input.
Step 2 − Take an outer while loop and get the rightmost digit.
Step 3 − Take another inner while loop to compare the rightmost digit of step-1 with the leftmost digits. If at any point digits match, the given number has repeated digits. Hence print the given number is not unique and repeat step-2 and step-3 till step-2 covers each digit of the number.
Step 4 − At last, if no matches are found then print the given number is unique.
Algorithm 2
Step 1 − Get an integer number either by initialization or by user input.
Step 2 − Take one outer for loop to iterate each digit one by one.
Step 3 − Take an inner for loop and compare the leftmost digit of outer for loop with all rightmost digits of inner loop. If at any point digits matches means the given number has repeated digits. Hence print the given number is not unique and repeat step-2 and step-3 till step-2 covers each digit of the number.
Step 4 − At last, if no matches are found then print the given number is unique.
Multiple ApproachesWe have provided the solution in different approaches.
By Comparing Each Digit Manually
By Using User String
Let’s see the Java program along with its output one by one.
Approach-1: By Comparing Each Digit ManuallyIn this approach one integer value will be initialized in the program and then by using the Algorithm-1 we can check whether a number is a unique number or not.
Examplepublic
static
void
main
(
String
[
]
args
)
{
int
originalNumber
=
123
;
System
.
out
.
println
(
“Given number: “
+
originalNumber
)
;
int
copyOfOriginalNumber
=
originalNumber
;
int
count
=
0
;
int
digit
=
originalNumber
%
10
;
originalNumber
=
originalNumber
/
10
;
int
temp
=
originalNumber
;
if
(
temp
%
10
==
digit
)
{
count
=
1
;
break
;
}
temp
=
temp
/
10
;
}
}
if
(
count
==
0
)
{
System
.
out
.
println
(
copyOfOriginalNumber
+
” is a unique number”
)
;
}
else
{
System
.
out
.
println
(
copyOfOriginalNumber
+
” is not a unique number”
)
;
}
}
}
Output Given number: 123 123 is a unique number Approach-2: By Using StringIn this approach one integer value will be initialized in the program and then by using the Algorithm-2 we can check whether a number is a Peterson number or not.
Examplepublic
static
void
main
(
String
[
]
args
)
{
int
originalNumber
=
7890
;
System
.
out
.
println
(
“Given number: “
+
originalNumber
)
;
int
count
=
0
;
String
st
=
Integer
.
toString
(
originalNumber
)
;
int
length
=
st
.
length
(
)
;
for
(
int
i
=
0
;
i
<
length
–
1
;
i
++
)
{
for
(
int
j
=
i
+
1
;
j
<
length
;
j
++
)
{
if
(
st
.
charAt
(
i
)
==
st
.
charAt
(
j
)
)
{
count
++
;
break
;
}
}
}
if
(
count
==
0
)
{
System
.
out
.
println
(
originalNumber
+
” is a unique number”
)
;
}
else
{
System
.
out
.
println
(
originalNumber
+
” is not a unique number”
)
;
}
}
}
Output Given number: 7890 7890 is a unique numberIn this article, we explored how to check a number whether it is a unique number or not in Java by using different approaches.
Weekday As A Number In Javascript?
In this article, we are going learn about the weekday as a number in JavaScript with appropriate examples.
To get the weekday as a number, JavaScript has provided getDay() method. The getDay() is a method from Date object. The getDay() method returns a value between 0 to 6. For example, Sunday = 0, Monday =1, Tuesday =2, Wednesday = 3 and so on.
To get a better understanding, let’s look into the syntax and usage of getDay() method in JavaScript.
SyntaxThe syntax for getDay() method is −
dateObject.getDay();Where, dateObject is an object created from date. This method returns a number between 0 to 6 (0 – Sunday, 1 – Monday, 2 – Tuesday, 3 – Wednesday, 4 – Thursday, 5 – Friday, 6 – Saturday).
Example 1This is an example program to get the weekday of the current date as a number in JavaScript using getDay() method.
i.e. 0 – Sunday 1 – Monday …. 6 – Saturday . const date = new Date(); const day = date.getDay(); document.getElementById(“output”).innerHTML = ‘Week day as a number for the date : ‘ + date + ‘ is : ‘ + day;
On executing the above code, the following output is generated.
Example 2This is an example program to get the weekday of the user-mentioned date as a number in JavaScript using getDay() mehod.
i.e. 0 – Sunday 1 – Monday …. 6 – Saturday . const date = new Date(“January 4 2001 04:04:04”); const day = date.getDay(); document.getElementById(“output”).innerHTML = ‘Week day as a number for the date : ‘ + date + ‘ is : ‘ + day;
On executing the above code, the following output is generated.
Example 3This is an example program to define a user defined function that is based on Zeller’s congruence to get weekday as a number in JavaScript.
i.e. 0 – Sunday 1 – Monday …. 6 – Saturday . var dd,mm,yyyy; function calculateDay(dd, mm, yyyy) { const weekday = [“Sunday”, “Monday”, “Tuesday”, “Wednesday”, “Thursday”, “Friday”, “Saturday”]; const indexes_of_weekday = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6]; if (mm< 3) { mm += 12; yyyy–; } var h = (dd + parseInt(((mm + 1) * 26) / 10) + yyyy + parseInt(yyyy / 4) + 6 * parseInt(yyyy / 100) + parseInt(yyyy / 400) – 1) % 7; return indexes_of_weekday[h]; } var day = calculateDay(23,06,2023); document.getElementById(“output”).innerHTML = ‘The day is : ‘ + day;
On executing the above code, the following output is generated.
Do You Need A File Server?
Most small businesses don’t use file servers, a specialized PC that is just used to share files among workers. In the past, these PCs were expensive, ran a different operating system from the ordinary Windows XP or Vista, and made it easier to connect to printers and backup tape drives. Because they were expensive, many smaller businesses just opted to store shared files on someone’s desktop.
Lately, prices have come down – there are many options for less than $1,000, and some considerably less. Many products allow your files to be shared not only across your local network, but make them also accessible on the Internet as well. Before you consider buying something, you need to answer these questions: First, do you want redundant drives so you have some protection in case one fails? Second, how much storage do you need? Third, do you want to assemble a server or buy something ready-made? Finally, do you need support for both Windows and Macintosh clients on your network?
If you don’t care about redundancy and want the cheapest possible solution, then consider PogoPlug. It is a $100 adapter that has USB on one side and Ethernet and AC power on the other. Any USB drive can be shared across your network and via a Web browser across the Internet. Given that even fairly large USB drives are less than $100 themselves, this can get you up and running quickly.
Another simple solution is to add a USB drive to your Wifi router. Linksys offers a feature called Storage Link on some of their newer routers such as the WRT610N that allow you to connect any USB hard drive to it and share it across your network, and also access it via FTP across the Internet as well. The setup process is somewhat clunky, but if you are in the market for a new router this could be a very inexpensive way to share a few files. I wouldn’t recommend it as an ongoing file storage solution though.
Neither of these products solves the drive redundancy issue. For that, you want to buy a Network Attached Storage (NAS) device. If you want to buy an enclosure and add your own SATA storage drives, then take a look at what D-Link makes with its DNS-321 — for $150 you get a box with two drive bays. Another inexpensive NAS is from WD called MyBook, which is what I use because it supports both Windows and Mac clients. However, the software that shares it across the Internet (called Mionet) is miserable. If you like to tinker with your equipment, there is an active community of people who have modified their MyBooks.
All of the units I have mentioned are slow, meaning when you want to copy a large video file across the network it will take minutes, or longer. If you are worried about performance and also want to use that as a good starting place to buy a NAS device, then check out SmallNetBuilder’s comparison chart of dozens of different ones here. Better options include the models from Buffalo Technology, and they have the ability to get their files from the Internet too. For less than $400, you can buy a terabyte of redundant storage.
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