Trending December 2023 # Top 20 Apache Oozie Interview Questions # Suggested January 2024 # Top 18 Popular

You are reading the article Top 20 Apache Oozie Interview Questions updated in December 2023 on the website Minhminhbmm.com. We hope that the information we have shared is helpful to you. If you find the content interesting and meaningful, please share it with your friends and continue to follow and support us for the latest updates. Suggested January 2024 Top 20 Apache Oozie Interview Questions

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.

Introduction

Apache Oozie is a Hadoop workflow scheduler. It is a system that manages the workflow of dependent tasks. Users can design Directed Acyclic Graphs of workflows that can be run in parallel and sequentially in Hadoop.

Apache Oozie is an important topic in Data Engineering, so we shall discuss some Apache Oozie interview questions and answers. These questions and answers will help you prepare for Apache Oozie and Data Engineering Interviews.

A Detailed Guide Of Interview Questions On Apache Kafka

Introduction

Apache Kafka is an open-source publish-subscribe messaging application initially developed by LinkedIn in early 2011. It is a famous Scala-coded data processing tool that offers low latency, extensive throughput, and a unified platform to handle the data in real-time. It is a message broker application and a logging service that is distributed, segmented, and replicated. Kafka is a popular and growing technology that offers IT professionals ample job opportunities. In this guide, we have discussed the detailed Kafka interview questions that can help you to ace your upcoming interview.

Source: docs.confluent.io

Learning Objectives

After reading this interview blog thoroughly, we’ll learn the following:

A common understanding of what Apache Kafka is, its role in the technical era, and why it is needed when we have tools like RabbitMQ.

Knowledge of Apache Kafka workflow along with different components of Kafka.

An understanding of Kafka security, APIs provided by Kafka, and the concept of ISR in Kafka.

An understanding of leader, follower, and load balancing in Kafka.

Insights into some frequently used Kafka commands like starting the server, listing the brokers, etc.

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.

Table of Contents Quick Interview Questions Q1. Is it possible to use Apache Kafka without a ZooKeeper?

No, we can’t bypass the ZooKeeper and connect directly to the Kafka Server, and even we can’t process the client requests if the Zookeeper is down due to any reason.

Q2. Apache Kafka can receive a message with what maximum size?

The default maximum size for any message in Kafka is 1 Megabyte, which can be changed in the Apache Kafka broker settings but the optimal size is 1KB because Kafka handles very small messages.

Q3. Explain when a QueueFullException occurs in the Producer API.

In the producer API, when the messages sent by the producer to the Kafka broker are at a pace that the broker can’t handle, the exception that occurs is known as QueueFullException. This exception can be resolved by adding more brokers so that they can handle the pace of messages coming in from the producer side.

Q4. To connect with clients and servers, which method is used by Apache Kafka?

Apache Kafka uses a high-performance, language-agnostic TCP protocol to initiate client and server communication.

Source: kafka.apache.org

Q5. For any topic, what is the optimal number of partitions?

For any Kafka topic, the optimal number of partitions are those that must be equal to the number of consumers.

Q6. Write the command used to list the topics being used in Apache Kafka.

Command to list all the topics after starting the ZooKeeper:

bin/Kafka-topics.sh --list --zookeeper localhost:2181 Q7. How can you view a message in Kafka?

You can view the message in Apache Kafka by executing the below command:-

bin/Kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --topic test --from-beginning Q8. How can you add or remove a topic configuration in Apache Kafka?

To add a topic configuration:

bin/Kafka-configs.sh --zookeeper localhost:2181 --topics --name_of_the_topic --alter --add-config a=b

To remove a topic configuration:

bin/Kafka-configs.sh --zookeeper localhost:2181 --topics --name_of_the_topic --alter --delete-config a

Note:- Here, a denotes the particular configuration key that needs to be changed.

Q9. Tell the daemon name for ZooKeeper.

The Zookeeper’s daemon name is Quorumpeermain.

Q10. In Kafka, why are replications considered critical?

Replications are considered critical in Kafka because they ensure that every published message must not be lost and should be consumed in any program/machine error.

Detailed Interview Questions Q1. Why use Kafka when we have many messaging services like JMS and RabbitMQ?

Although we have many traditional message queues, like JMS and RabbitMQ, Kafka is a key messaging framework for transmitting messages from sender to receiver. When it comes to message retention, traditional queues eliminate messages as soon as the consumer confirms them, but Kafka stores them for a default period of 7 days after the consumer has received them.

Below are the key points to prove why we can rely on Kafka even though we have many traditional services:-

1. Reliability: Kafka ensures reliable message delivery with zero message loss from a publisher to the subscriber. It comes with a checksum method to verify the message integrity by detecting the corruption of messages on the various servers, which is not supported by any traditional method of message transfer.

2. Scalability: Kafka can be scaled out by using clustering along with the zookeeper coordination server without incurring any downtime on the fly. Apache Kafka is more scalable than traditional message transfer services because it allows the addition of more partitions.

3. Durability: Kafka uses distributed logs and supports message replication to ensure durability. As we see above, RabbitMQ deletes messages as soon as it transferred to the consumer. This will cause performance degradation, but in Kafka, messages are not deleted once consumed; it keeps them by the retention time.

4. Performance: Kafka provides fault tolerance(resistance to node failures within a cluster), high throughput(capable of handling high-velocity and high-volume data), and low latency(handles the messages with a very low latency of the range of milliseconds) across the publish and subscribe applications. Mostly the traditional services face a decline in performance with a rise in the number of consumers, but Kafka does not slow down with the addition of new consumers.

Q2. Explain the four components of Kafka Architecture.

The 4 significant components of Kafka’s Architecture include:

1. Topic: A Topic is nothing but a feed or a category where records are stored and published. Topics in Kafka play a major role in organizing all the Kafka records by offering the reading facility to all the consumer apps and writing to all the producer applications. For the duration of a configurable retention period, the published records remain in the cluster.

2. Producer: A Kafka producer is nothing but a data source for one or more Kafka topics used to optimize, write, and publish the messages in the Kafka cluster. Kafka producers are capable of serializing, compressing, and load-balancing the data among brokers with the concept of partitioning.

3. Consumer: Consumers in Kafka can read the data by reading messages from topics they have subscribed to. Consumer works in a grouping fashion; they got divided into multiple groups where each consumer in a specific group with respect to a subscribed partition will be responsible for reading a subset of the partitions.

4. Broker: The cluster of Kafka is made up of multiple servers, typically known as Kafka brokers, which work together to offer reliable redundancy, load balancing, and failover. Kafka brokers use Apache ZooKeeper to manage and coordinate the cluster. Each broker in Kafka is assigned an ID and behaves as; in-charge of one or more topic log divisions. Every broker instance can also handle the read and writes volumes of hundreds of thousands of messages per second without sacrificing performance.

Q3. Mention the APIs provided by Apache Kafka.

Apache Kafka offers four main APIs-

1. Kafka Producer API: The producer API of Kafka enables applications to publish messages to one or more Kafka topics in a stream-of-records format.

2. Kafka Consumer API: The consumer API of Kafka enables applications to subscribe to multiple Kafka topics and process streams of messages that are produced for those topics by producer API.

3. Kafka Streams API: The streams API of Kafka enables applications to process data in a stream processing environment. For multiple Kafka topics, this streams API allows applications to fetch data in the form of input streams, process the fetched streams, and at last, deliver the output streams to multiple Kafka topics.

4. Kafka Connector API: As the name suggests, this API helps connect applications to Kafka topics. Also, it offers features for handling the run of producers and consumers along with their connections.

Q4. Explain the importance of Leader and Follower in Apache Kafka.

The concept of leader and follower is very important in Kafka to handle load balancing. In the Kafka server, every partition has one server that plays the role of a leader and one or more servers that behaves as followers. The leader’s responsibility is to perform all the read-and-write data operations for a specific partition, and the follower’s responsibility is to replicate the leader.

In any partition, the number of followers varies from zero to n, which means a partition cannot have a fixed number of followers; rather, it can have zero followers, one follower, or more than one follower. The reason for the same is if there is any failure in the leader, then one of the followers can be assumed to be in leadership.

Q5. How to start the Apache Kafka Server?

Follow the below steps to start the Apache Kafka server on your personal computers:-

Step 2: To run Kafka, you must have Java 8+ version installed on your local environment.

Step 3: Now you have to run the below commands in the same order to start the Kafka server:

Firstly you have to run this command to start the ZooKeeper service:

$bin/zookeeper-server-start.sh config/zookeeper.properties

Then you need to open another terminal and run the below command to start the Kafka broker service:

$ bin/Kafka-server-start.sh config/server.properties Q6. What is the difference between Partitions and Replicas in a Kafka cluster?

The major difference between Partitions and Replicas in the Kafka cluster is that the Partitions are used to increase the throughput in Kafka. In contrast, Replicas are used to ensure fault tolerance in the cluster. Basically, in Kafka, partitions are nothing but topics divided into parts to enable consumers to read data from servers in parallel. The responsibility of the read and write operations are managed on a single server called the leader for that partition. That leader is followed by zero or more followers, where replicas of the data will be created.

Replicas are nothing but copies of the data in a specific partition. The followers have just to copy the leaders; they’re not required to read or write the partitions individually.

Q7. Explain the ways to list all the brokers available in the Kafka cluster.

We have the below two possible ways to list out all the available Kafka brokers in an Apache Kafka cluster:

By using zookeeper-shell. sh

zookeeper-shell.sh:2181 ls /brokers/ids

We will get the below output after running this shell command:

WATCHER:: WatchedEvent state: SyncConnected type: None path: null [0, 1, 2, 3]

This shows the availability of four alive brokers – 0,1,2 and 3.

By using zkCli.sh

First, we need to log in to the ZooKeeper client

zkCli.sh -server:2181

Now we have to run the below command to list all the available brokers:

ls /brokers/ids Q8. What rules must be followed for the name of a Kafka Topic?

To name the topics in Apache Kafka, there are some legal rules which are defined by Kafka to be followed:-

The maximum length of the name of any Kafka topic is 255 characters (including symbols and letters). In Kafka version 0.10, this length has been reduced from 255 to 249.

We can use special characters like. (dot), _ (underscore), and – (hyphen) in the name of a Kafka topic. Although we must avoid combining these special characters because the topics with a dot (.) and underscore ( _) symbol could cause some confusion with internal data structures.

Q9. Explain the purpose of ISR in Kafka.

ISR stands for in-synch replicas. It refers to all the replicated partitions of Kafka that are fully synced up with the leader within a configurable amount of time. Basically, a defined period of time is given to followers to catch up with the leader; by default, this time is 10 seconds; after that, the leader will continue the writing on the remaining replicas in the ISR by dropping the follower from its ISR. If the follower revisits the ISR, it has to truncate its log to the last point, which was checked, and after reaching the last checkpoint from the leader, it will catch up on all the messages. The leader will add it back to the ISR only when the follower completely catches up with the leader.

Source: conduktor.io

Q10. Explain load balancing in Kafka.

We have the leader and follower nodes to ensure the load balancing in the Apache Kafka server. As we already discussed, the role of leader nodes is to do the writing/reading of data in a given partition. In contrast, follower systems perform the same task in passive mode to ensure data replication across different nodes. So that if any failure occurs due to any reasoning system or software upgrade, the data remains available.

Q11. Explain how Apache Kafka ensures Security.

To ensure data security Kafka has three components:

Encryption: Apache Kafka secured all the message transfer processes between the Kafka broker and the various clients of Kafka through encryption. It enhances security by ensuring that all messages are shared in an encrypted format so that other clients cannot access them.

Authentication: A restriction associated with Kafka is that all the applications must be authenticated before they can be connected to the Kafka cluster. Only they can use the Kafka broker. All the Kafka-authorized applications have unique ids and passwords to identify themselves, and only after that will they be allowed to consume or publish messages.

Authorization: The next step after authentication is authorization; a client can consume or publish messages as soon as he is authenticated. But authorization prevents data pollution by ensuring that applications can be restricted from write access.

Q12. Explain some real-world use case scenarios of Apache Kafka.

Message Broker: Kafka has the feature of high throughput, and with that, it can handle a huge volume of similar kinds of data or messages, i.e., capable of handling the appropriate metadata. We can use Kafka as a publish-subscribe messaging system to manage the data and perform the read-write operations conveniently.

Monitor Operational Data: To monitor the operational data and the metrics associated with specific technologies, like security logs, we can use Apache Kafka.

Tracking website activities: Kafka can manage the flood of data generated by websites for each page and user activity. Kafka can also ensure that data is successfully transferred between websites.

Data logging: Kafka can offer the data logging facility through its feature of data replication, which can be used to restore data on failed nodes. Kafka makes replicated data available to users by offering the replicated log service across multiple sources.

That’s all my friends. Here is where I would like to wrap up my interview questions guide on Kafka.

Conclusion

This blog on interview questions covers most of the frequently asked Apache Kafka interview questions that could be asked in data science, Kafka developer, Data Analyst, and big data developer interviews. Using these interview questions as a reference, you can better understand the concept of Apache Kafka and start formulating practical answers for upcoming interviews. The key takeaways from this Kafka blog are:-

1. Apache Kafka is a popular publish-subscribe messaging application written in Java and Scala, which offers low latency, extensive throughput, and a unified real-time platform to handle the data.

2. Although we have many traditional message queues like JMS or RabbitMQ, Kafka is irreplaceable because of its reliability, scalability, performance, and durability.

4. Kafka ensures three-step security, including encryption, authentication, and authorization to prevent data from fraudsters.

The media shown in this article is not owned by Analytics Vidhya and is used at the Author’s discretion.

Top 100+ Cyber Security Interview Questions And Answers

1) What is cybersecurity?

Here are Cyber Security interview questions and answers for fresher as well experienced candidates to get their dream job.

Cybersecurity refers to the protection of hardware, software, and data from attackers. The primary purpose of cyber security is to protect against cyberattacks like accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information.

2) What are the elements of cybersecurity?

Major elements of cybersecurity are:

Information security

Network security

Operational security

Application security

End-user education

Business continuity planning

Benefits of cyber security are as follows:

It protects the business against ransomware, malware, social engineering, and phishing.

It protects end-users.

It gives good protection for both data as well as networks.

Increase recovery time after a breach.

Cybersecurity prevents unauthorized users.

4) Define Cryptography.

5) Differentiate between IDS and IPS.

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) detects intrusions. The administrator has to be careful while preventing the intrusion. In the Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), the system finds the intrusion and prevent it.

6) What is CIA?

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) is a popular model which is designed to develop a security policy. CIA model consists of three concepts:

Confidentiality: Ensure the sensitive data is accessed only by an authorized user.

Integrity: Integrity means the information is in the right format.

Availability: Ensure the data and resources are available for users who need them.

7) What is a Firewall?

It is a security system designed for the network. A firewall is set on the boundaries of any system or network which monitors and controls network traffic. Firewalls are mostly used to protect the system or network from malware, worms, and viruses. Firewalls can also prevent content filtering and remote access.

8) Explain Traceroute

It is a tool that shows the packet path. It lists all the points that the packet passes through. Traceroute is used mostly when the packet does not reach the destination. Traceroute is used to check where the connection breaks or stops or to identify the failure.

9) Differentiate between HIDS and NIDS.

Parameter HIDS NIDS

Usage HIDS is used to detect the intrusions. NIDS is used for the network.

What does it do? It monitors suspicious system activities and traffic of a specific device. It monitors the traffic of all device on the network.

10) Explain SSL

SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer. It is a technology creating encrypted connections between a web server and a web browser. It is used to protect the information in online transactions and digital payments to maintain data privacy.

11) What do you mean by data leakage?

Data leakage is an unauthorized transfer of data to the outside world. Data leakage occurs via email, optical media, laptops, and USB keys.

12) Explain the brute force attack. How to prevent it?

It is a trial-and-error method to find out the right password or PIN. Hackers repetitively try all the combinations of credentials. In many cases, brute force attacks are automated where the software automatically works to login with credentials. There are ways to prevent Brute Force attacks. They are:

Setting password length.

Increase password complexity.

Set limit on login failures.

13) What is port scanning?

It is the technique for identifying open ports and service available on a specific host. Hackers use port scanning technique to find information for malicious purposes.

14) Name the different layers of the OSI model.

Seven different layers of OSI models are as follows:

Physical Layer

Data Link Layer

Network Layer

Transport Layer

Session Layer

Presentation Layer

Application Layer

15) What is a VPN?

VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. It is a network connection method for creating an encrypted and safe connection. This method protects data from interference, snooping, censorship.

16) What are black hat hackers?

Black hat hackers are people who have a good knowledge of breaching network security. These hackers can generate malware for personal financial gain or other malicious reasons. They break into a secure network to modify, steal, or destroy data so that the network can not be used by authorized network users.

17) What are white hat hackers?

White hat hackers or security specialist are specialized in penetration testing. They protect the information system of an organization.

18) What are grey hat hackers?

Grey hat hackers are computer hacker who sometimes violate ethical standards, but they do not have malicious intent.

19) How to reset a password-protected BIOS configuration?

There are various ways to reset BIOS password. Some of them are as follows:

Remove CMOS battery.

By utilizing the software.

By utilizing a motherboard jumper.

By utilizing MS-DOS.

20) What is MITM attack?

A MITM or Man-in-the-Middle is a type of attack where an attacker intercepts communication between two persons. The main intention of MITM is to access confidential information.

21) Define ARP and its working process.

It is a protocol used for finding MAC address associated with IPv4 address. This protocol work as an interface between the OSI network and OSI link layer.

22) Explain botnet.

It’s a number of internet-connected devices like servers, mobile devices, IoT devices, and PCs that are infected and controlled by malware.

23) What is the main difference between SSL and TLS?

The main difference between these two is that SSL verifies the identity of the sender. SSL helps you to track the person you are communicating to. TLS offers a secure channel between two clients.

24) What is the abbreviation of CSRF?

CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery.

25) What is 2FA? How to implement it for a public website?

TFA stands for Two Factor Authentication. It is a security process to identify the person who is accessing an online account. The user is granted access only after presenting evidence to the authentication device.

26) Explain the difference between asymmetric and symmetric encryption.

Symmetric encryption requires the same key for encryption and decryption. On the other hand, asymmetric encryption needs different keys for encryption and decryption.

27) What is the full form of XSS?

XSS stands for cross-site scripting.

28) Explain WAF

29) What is hacking?

Hacking is a process of finding weakness in computer or private networks to exploit its weaknesses and gain access.

For example, using password cracking technique to gain access to a system.

30) Who are hackers?

A Hacker is a person who finds and exploits the weakness in computer systems, smartphones, tablets, or networks to gain access. Hackers are well experienced computer programmers with knowledge of computer security.

31) What is network sniffing?

Network sniffing is a tool used for analyzing data packets sent over a network. This can be done by the specialized software program or hardware equipment. Sniffing can be used to:

Capture sensitive data such as password.

Eavesdrop on chat messages

Monitor data package over a network

32) What is the importance of DNS monitoring?

Yong domains are easily infected with malicious software. You need to use DNS monitoring tools to identify malware.

33) Define the process of salting. What is the use of salting?

Salting is that process to extend the length of passwords by using special characters. To use salting, it is very important to know the entire mechanism of salting. The use of salting is to safeguard passwords. It also prevents attackers testing known words across the system.

For example, Hash(“QxLUF1bgIAdeQX”) is added to each and every password to protect your password. It is called as salt.

34) What is SSH?

SSH stands for Secure Socket Shell or Secure Shell. It is a utility suite that provides system administrators secure way to access the data on a network.

35) Is SSL protocol enough for network security?

SSL verifies the sender’s identity, but it does not provide security once the data is transferred to the server. It is good to use server-side encryption and hashing to protect the server against a data breach.

36) What is black box testing and white box testing?

Black box testing: It is a software testing method in which the internal structure or program code is hidden.

White box testing: A software testing method in which internal structure or program is known by tester.

37) Explain vulnerabilities in network security.

Vulnerabilities refer to the weak point in software code which can be exploited by a threat actor. They are most commonly found in an application like SaaS (Software as a service) software.

38) Explain TCP Three-way handshake.

It is a process used in a network to make a connection between a local host and server. This method requires the client and server to negotiate synchronization and acknowledgment packets before starting communication.

39) Define the term residual risk. What are three ways to deal with risk?

It is a threat that balances risk exposure after finding and eliminating threats.

Three ways to deal with risk are:

Reduce it

Avoid it

Accept it.

40) Define Exfiltration.

41) What is exploit in network security?

An exploit is a method utilized by hackers to access data in an unauthorized way. It is incorporated into malware.

42) What do you mean by penetration testing?

It is the process of checking exploitable vulnerabilities on the target. In web security, it is used to augment the web application firewall.

43) List out some of the common cyber-attack.

Following are the common cyber-attacks which can be used by hackers to damage network:

Malware

Phishing

Password attacks

DDoS

Man in the middle

Malvertising

Rogue software

44) How to make the user authentication process more secure?

In order to authenticate users, they have to provide their identity. The ID and Key can be used to confirm the user’s identity. This is an ideal way how the system should authorize the user.

45) Explain the concept of cross-site scripting.

Cross-site scripting refers to a network security vulnerability in which malicious scripts are injected into websites. This attack occurs when attackers allow an untrusted source to inject code into a web application.

46) Name the protocol that broadcast the information across all the devices.

Internet Group Management Protocol or IGMP is a communication protocol that is used in game or video streaming. It facilitates routers and other communication devices to send packets.

47) How to protect email messages?

Use cipher algorithm to protect email, credit card information, and corporate data.

48) What are the risks associated with public Wi-Fi?

Public Wi-Fi has many security issues. Wi-Fi attacks include karma attack, sniffing, war-driving, brute force attack, etc.

Public Wi-Fi may identify data that is passed through a network device like emails, browsing history, passwords, and credit card data.

49) What is Data Encryption? Why it is important in network security?

Data encryption is a technique in which the sender converts the message into a code. It allows only authorized user to gain access.

50) Explain the main difference between Diffie-Hellman and RSA.

Diffie-Hellman is a protocol used while exchanging key between two parties while RSA is an algorithm that works on the basis two keys called private and public key.

51) What is a remote desktop protocol?

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is developed by Microsoft, which provides GUI to connect two devices over a network.

The user uses RDP client software to serve this purpose while other device must run RDP server software. This protocol is specifically designed for remote management and to access virtual PCs, applications, and terminal server.

52) Define Forward Secrecy.

Forward Secrecy is a security measure that ensures the integrity of unique session key in event that long term key is compromised.

53) Explain the concept of IV in encryption.

IV stands for the initial vector is an arbitrary number that is used to ensures that identical text encrypted to different ciphertexts. Encryption program uses this number only once per session.

54) Explain the difference between stream cipher and block cipher.

Parameter Stream Cipher Block Cipher

How does it work? Stream cipher operates on small plaintext units Block cipher works on large data blocks.

Code requirement It requires less code. It requires more code.

Usage of key Key is used only once. Reuse of key is possible.

Application Secure Socket layer. File encryption and database.

Usage Stream cipher is used to implement hardware. Block cipher is used to implement software.

55) Give some examples of a symmetric encryption algorithm.

Following are some examples of symmetric encryption algorithm.

RCx

Blowfish

Rijndael (AES)

DES

56) What is the abbreviation of ECB and CBC?

The full form of ECB is Electronic Codebook, and the full form of CBC is Cipher Block Chaining.

57) Explain a buffer overflow attack. 58) Define Spyware.

Spyware is a malware that aims to steal data about the organization or person. This malware can damage the organization’s computer system.

59) What is impersonation?

It is a mechanism of assigning the user account to an unknown user.

60) What do you mean by SRM?

SRM stands for Security Reference Monitor provides routines for computer drivers to grant access rights to object.

61) What is a computer virus?

A virus is a malicious software that is executed without the user’s consent. Viruses can consume computer resources, such as CPU time and memory. Sometimes, the virus makes changes in other computer programs and insert its own code to harm the computer system.

A computer virus may be used to:

Access private data like user id and passwords

Display annoying messages to the user

Corrupt data in your computer

Log the user’s keystrokes

62) What do you mean by Authenticode?

Authenticode is a technology that identifies the publisher of Authenticode sign software. It allows users to ensure that the software is genuine and not contain any malicious program.

63) Define CryptoAPI

CryptoAPI is a collection of encryption APIs which allows developers to create a project on a secure network.

64) Explain steps to secure web server.

Follow the following steps to secure your web server:

Update ownership of file.

Keep your webserver updated.

Disable extra modules in the webserver.

Delete default scripts.

65) What is Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer?

Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer or MBSA is a graphical and command-line interface that provides a method to find missing security updates and misconfigurations.

66) What is Ethical hacking?

Ethical hacking is a method to improve the security of a network. In this method, hackers fix vulnerabilities and weakness of computer or network. Ethical hackers use software tools to secure the system.

67) Explain social engineering and its attacks.

Social engineering is the term used to convince people to reveal confidential information.

There are mainly three types of social engineering attacks: 1) Human-based, 2) Mobile-based, and 3) Computer-based.

Human-based attack: They may pretend like a genuine user who requests higher authority to reveal private and confidential information of the organization.

Computer-based attack: In this attack, attackers send fake emails to harm the computer. They ask people to forward such email.

68) What is IP and MAC Addresses?

IP Address is the acronym for Internet Protocol address. An internet protocol address is used to uniquely identify a computer or device such as printers, storage disks on a computer network.

MAC Address is the acronym for Media Access Control address. MAC addresses are used to uniquely identify network interfaces for communication at the physical layer of the network.

69) What do you mean by a worm?

A Worm is a type of malware which replicates from one computer to another.

70) State the difference between virus and worm

Parameter Virus Worm

How they infect a computer? It inserts malicious code into a specific file or program. Generate it’s copy and spread using email client.

Dependency Virus need a host program to work They do not require any host to function correctly.

Linked with files It is linked with any file on a network.

Affecting speed It is slower than worm. It faster compared to a virus.

71) Name some tools used for packet sniffing.

Following are some tools used for packet sniffing.

Tcpdump

Kismet

Wireshark

NetworkMiner

Dsniff

72) Explain anti-virus sensor systems

Antivirus is software tool that is used to identify, prevent, or remove the viruses present in the computer. They perform system checks and increase the security of the computer regularly.

73) List out the types of sniffing attacks.

Various types of sniffing attacks are:

Protocol Sniffing

Web password sniffing

Application-level sniffing

TCP Session stealing

LAN Sniffing

ARP Sniffing

74) What is a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS)?

It is an attack in which multiple computers attack website, server, or any network resource.

75) Explain the concept of session hijacking.

TCP session hijacking is the misuse of a valid computer session. IP spoofing is the most common method of session hijacking. In this method, attackers use IP packets to insert a command between two nodes of the network.

76) List out various methods of session hijacking.

Various methods of session hijacking are:

Using packet Sniffers

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS Attack)

IP Spoofing

Blind Attack

77) What are Hacking Tools?

Hacking Tools are computer programs and scripts that help you find and exploit weaknesses in computer systems, web applications, servers, and networks. There are varieties of such tools available on the market. Some of them are open source, while others are a commercial solution.

78) Explain honeypot and its Types.

Honeypot is a decoy computer system which records all the transactions, interactions, and actions with users.

Honeypot is classified into two categories: 1) Production honeypot and 2) Research honeypot.

Production honeypot: It is designed to capture real information for the administrator to access vulnerabilities. They are generally placed inside production networks to increase their security.

Research Honeypot: It is used by educational institutions and organizations for the sole purpose of researching the motives and tactics of the back-hat community for targeting different networks.

79) Name common encryption tools.

Tools available for encryptions are as follows:

RSA

Twofish

AES

Triple DES

80) What is Backdoor?

It is a malware type in which security mechanism is bypassed to access a system.

81) Is it right to send login credentials through email?

It is not right to send login credentials through email because if you send someone userid and password in the mail, chances of email attacks are high.

82) Explain the 80/20 rule of networking?

This rule is based on the percentage of network traffic, in which 80% of all network traffic should remain local while the rest of the traffic should be routed towards a permanent VPN.

83) Define WEP cracking.

It is a method used for a security breach in wireless networks. There are two types of WEP cracking: 1) Active cracking and 2) Passive cracking.

84) What are various WEP cracking tools?

Well known WEP cracking tools are:

Aircrack

WebDecrypt

Kismet

WEPCrack

85) What is a security auditing?

Security auditing is an internal inspection of applications and operating systems for security flaws. An audit can also be done via line by line inspection of code.

86) Explain phishing.

It is a technique used to obtain a username, password, and credit card details from other users.

87) What is Nano-scale encryption?

Nano encryption is a research area which provides robust security to computers and prevents them from hacking.

88) Define Security Testing?

Security Testing is defined as a type of Software Testing that ensures software systems and applications are free from any vulnerabilities, threats, risks that may cause a big loss.

89) Explain Security Scanning.

Security scanning involves identifying network and system weaknesses and later provides solutions for reducing these risks. This scanning can be performed for both Manual as well as Automated scanning.

90) Name the available hacking tools.

Following is a list of useful hacking tools.

Acunetix

WebInspect

Probably

Netsparker

Angry IP scanner:

Burp Suite

Savvius

91) What is the importance of penetration testing in an enterprise?

Here are two common application of Penetration testing.

Financial sectors like stock trading exchanges, investment banking, want their data to be secured, and penetration testing is essential to ensure security.

In case if the software system is already hacked and the organization would like to determine whether any threats are still present in the system to avoid future hacks.

Penetration testing cannot find all vulnerabilities in the system.

There are limitations of time, budget, scope, skills of penetration testers.

Data loss and corruption

Down Time is high which increase costs

93) Explain security threat

Security threat is defined as a risk which can steal confidential data and harm computer systems as well as organization.

94) What are physical threats?

A physical threat is a potential cause of an incident that may result in loss or physical damage to the computer systems.

95) Give examples of non-physical threats

Following are some examples of non-physical threat:

Loss of sensitive information

Loss or corruption of system data

Cyber security Breaches

Disrupt business operations that rely on computer systems

Illegal monitoring of activities on computer systems

96) What is Trojan virus?

Trojan is a malware employed by hackers and cyber-thieves to gain access to any computer. Here attackers use social engineering techniques to execute the trojan on the system.

97) Define SQL Injection

It is an attack that poisons malicious SQL statements to database. It helps you to take benefit of the design flaws in poorly designed web applications to exploit SQL statements to execute malicious SQL code. In many situations, an attacker can escalate SQL injection attack in order to perform other attack, i.e. denial-of-service attack.

98) List security vulnerabilities as per Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP).

Security vulnerabilities as per open web application security project are as follows:

SQL Injection

Cross-site request forgery

Insecure cryptographic storage

Broken authentication and session management

Insufficient transport layer protection

Unvalidated redirects and forwards

Failure to restrict URL access

99) Define an access token.

An access token is a credential which is used by the system to check whether the API should be granted to a particular object or not.

100) Explain ARP Poisoning

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Poisoning is a type of cyber-attack which is used to convert IP address to physical addresses on a network device. The host sends an ARP broadcast on the network, and the recipient computer responds back with its physical address.

ARP poisoning is sending fake addresses to the switch so that it can associate the fake addresses with the IP address of a genuine computer on a network and hijack the traffic.

101) Name common types of non-physical threats.

Following are various types of non-physical threats:

Trojans

Adware

Worms

Spyware

Denial of Service Attacks

Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Virus

Key loggers

Unauthorized access to computer systems resources

Phishing

102) Explain the sequence of a TCP connection.

The sequence of a TCP connection is SYN-SYN ACK-ACK.

103) Define hybrid attacks.

Hybrid attack is a blend of dictionary method and brute force attack. This attack is used to crack passwords by making a change of a dictionary word with symbols and numbers.

104) What is Nmap?

Nmap is a tool which is used for finding networks and in security auditing.

105) What is the use of EtterPeak tool?

EtterPeak is a network analysis tool that is used for sniffing packets of network traffic.

106) What are the types of cyber-attacks?

There are two types of cyberattacks: 1) Web-based attacks, 2) System based attacks.

107) List out web-based attacks

Some web-based attacks are: 1) SQL Injection attacks, 2) Phishing, 3) Brute Force, 4) DNS Spoofing, 4) Denial of Service, and 5) Dictionary attacks.

108) Give examples of System-based attacks

Examples of system-based attacks are:

Virus

Backdoors

Bots

Worm

109) List out the types of cyber attackers

There are four types of cyber attackers. They are: 1) cybercriminals, 2) hacktivists, 3) insider threats, 4) state-sponsored attackers.

110) Define accidental threats

They are threats that are accidently done by organization employees. In these threats, an employee unintentionally deletes any file or share confidential data with outsiders or a business partner going beyond the policy of the company.

These interview questions will also help in your viva(orals)

Trending December 2023 # Top 20 Apache Oozie Interview Questions # Suggested January 2024 # Top 18 Popular

Top 20 Reactjs Interview Questions And Answers In 2023

A Detailed Guide Of Interview Questions On Apache Kafka

Top 100+ Cyber Security Interview Questions And Answers

Top Blockchain Interview Questions One Should Know About

Top 10 Soa Interview Questions And Answers {Updated For 2023}